CAST-IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP).— This type of pipe is composed of gray cast iron made of compact, close-grained pig iron; scrap iron and steel; metallurgical coke; or limestone. Cast-iron soil pipe is normally used in or under buildings, protruding at least 5 ft from the building. Here, it connects into a concrete or clay sewer line. Cast-iron soil pipe is also used under roads or other places of heavy traffic. If the soil is unstable or contains cinder and ashes, vitrified clay pipe is used instead of cast-iron soil pipe.

Cast-iron soil pipe comes in 5-ft and 10-ft lengths, with nominal inside diameters of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 in. It is available as single-hub or double-hub in design, as indicated in figure 8-13. Note that single-hub pipe has a hub at one end and a spigot at the other, while a

double-hub pipe has a hub on each end. Hubs or bells of cast-iron soil pipe are enlarged sleevelike fittings that are cast as a part of the pipe to make watertight and pressure-tight joints with oakum and lead.

PIPE.— Vitrified clay pipe is made of moistened, powdered clay. It is available in laying lengths of 2, 2 1/2, and 3 ft and in diameters ranging from 4 to 42 in. Like cast-iron soil pipe, it has a bell end and a spigot end to facilitate joining. Vitrified clay pipe is used for house sewer lines, sanitary sewer mains, and storm drains.

Precast concrete pipe may be used for sewers in the smaller sizes—those less than 24 in. This pipe is not reinforced with steel. Dimensions of concrete pipe are similar to those of vitrified clay pipe.

PLASTIC PIPE.— The use of rigid plastic pipe has expanded greatly over the years. Years ago, plastic piping was used extensively for farm water systems, lawn sprinklers, and some other domestic and industrial uses. Now, plastic pipe is used for all kinds of water and drainage applications.

Plastic piping has outstanding resistance to nearly all acids, caustics, salt solutions, and other corrosive liquids and gases. It does not rust, corrode, scale, or pit inside or outside. It is also nontoxic, nonconductive, and not subject to electrolytic corrosion—a major cause of failure when metal pipe is installed underground. Another important advantage of plastic pipe is low resistance to abrasion because of its smooth inner wall, resulting in maximum flow rate and minimum buildup of sludge and slime.

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