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SCRAPING-Reclamation method used on unpaved areas by which the top layer of contaminated soil is removed, usually by a motorized scraper, and transported away from the operating area.

SELF-READING DOSIMETER-A dosimeter that can be read directly by the person wearing it.

SHELFING-A radiological countermeasure that places or uses a barrier between the radiation source and personnel in shelter or in the work area. Natural shielding is the shielding resulting from already existing barriers (walls of a building, hills, etc.). Applied shielding (for example, sandbags) is a barrier constructed after contaminating nuclear attack to provide radiological shielding.

SHOCK DAMAGE-See BLAST DAM-AGE.

STAGING AREA-An area which is reclaimed as the first act of the operational recovery phase, and where all personnel then live when they are aboard the installation and not in fallout shelters. It is selected so that it can be easily reclaimed to a low exposure level. It must be large enough to permit mission personnel to live there (when suitable shelter is not otherwise available) under reasonable conditions for the mission duration. It is the area from which recovery of the vital area is staged.

STANDARD EXPOSURE RATE-The exposure rate of a radiation field measured by a detector at an unprotected position at a height of three ft above a large open smooth land area at the standard reference time of one hr after burst. It is assumed that all the fallout has been deposited by one hr. The standard exposure rate is identical to the reference exposure rate.

STANDARD-EXPOSURE-RATE CON-TOURS-The locus of all points on the ground at which the exposure rate in r/hr referred to 1 hr is the same, assuming all the fallout has arrived by 1 hr.

STAYTIME-The period during which personnel are exposed to a gamma-radiation hazard. It is the exit time minus the entry time.

SUBAREA-A part of the vital area whose exposure rate and contaminated surface are significantly different from other parts of the vital area.

SUBSURFACE BURST-A nuclear explosion that occurs underground or underwater. This type of burst will produce fallout.

SURFACE BURST-A nuclear explosion that takes place at or very near the surface of the ground or water. This type of burst produces fallout.

SURFACE ROUGHNESS-The roughness of an actual surface compared to a perfectly smooth plane surface. The exposure rate of the radiation field produced by a large, open, contaminated unpaved area is less for a given contamination level, since the contaminant particles are mixed, slightly buried, or shielded in the rough top layer of the surface and their radiations are therefore partially absorbed.

SURVEY-See MONITORING.

SURVEY METER-A rate meter. A radiac instrument used to determine radiation exposure rates in an area.

TRANSIT RADIATION-The radiation emitted from any airborne material. It is usually distinguished from deposit radiation, which is radiation emitted from material deposited on any surface.

VITAL AREA-The part of the installation that contains the essential functions and facilities and within which radiological-recovery measures may be necessary. The vital area of an installation is that area in which mission personnel perform the actual postattack mission of the installation.

WEAPON YIELD-The energy release of a nuclear explosion. It is expressed in terms of the estimated equivalent tonnage of TNT required to produce the same energy release. For example, a 20-KT weapon explosion would release energy equivalent to that of 20,000 tons of TNT; a l-MT weapon, 1,000,000 tons of TNT.

WINDWARD-Toward the direction from which the wind is blowing.







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