Add 3 ounces of 99.5 glacial acetic acid to 8 ounces of water to obtain 11 ounces of a 28 percent solution of acetic acid. temperatures upon contact with organic materials and other  chemicals. CHEMICAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Some of the chemicals used in photography are skin irritants,  and  others  can  cause  serious  injuries. Chemicals should be regarded as poisons and handled with  caution.  Before  handling  or  working  with photographic  chemicals,  you  should  become  familiar with  the  safety  precautions  contained  in  Navy Occupational Safety and Health (NAVOSH) Program Manual for Forces Afloat, OPNAVINST 5100.19 series, volume I (chapters B3 and B12) and volume II (chapters C1, C9, and C23), Navy Occupational Safety and   Health   (NAVOSH)   Program   Manual, OPNAVINST 5100.23 series (chapters 15, 20, and app. 15),   and   Safety   Precautions   for   Photographic Personnel,  NAVAIR  10-1-764. There are several safety items that must be worn when  mixing  chemicals.  They  are  as  follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Face shield or goggles-Protects the eyes from caustic  chemicals. Plastic or rubber apron-Reduces the chance of chemical  contamination  of  clothing. Rubber  gloves-Protects  the  hands  and  lower arms. Gloves should extend up to the elbows. Because  of  the  danger  of  contaminating  your fingers, all precautions concerning poisons should be observed  when  you  are  mixing  photographic  solutions. Ingestion of a poisonous chemical is commonly induced by hands that are contaminated with a toxic chemical.  You  should  adhere  to  the  precautions published for photographic chemicals to avoid contact or ingestion of poisonous or corrosive chemicals. Regardless of the antidote given to anyone that has been accidentally exposed to or has swallowed a poisonous or corrosive chemical, the antidote is for EMERGENCY USE ONLY. The affected person should report to the MEDICAL  DEPARTMENT  IMMEDIATELY. Respirators-Used to prevent the inhalation of fumes or chemical dust. The correct cartridge must be used for the type of chemical being mixed as described in Navy Occupational Safety and  Health  (NAVOSH)  Program  Manual, OPNAVINST  5100.23  series  (app.  15). Respirators must be cleaned and sanitized with alcohol and placed in an airtight bag after each use. Long sleeve shirt-Used to protect the arms. ACIDS  AND  ALKALIES There are many types of acids and alkalies used in photography. In general, acids and alkalies are similar in their injurious properties in that either may cause the following: The majority of photographic chemicals cause the skin to dry out due to the removal of natural skin oils. Some types of chemistry have an accumulative nature. This is when some of the chemicals are being absorbed into  the  skin  layers  during  each  exposure  to  the chemistry. The chemistry then replaces some of the natural oils that lubricate the skin. Over an extended period of time, which varies for different people, accumulation could result in a total breakdown of the ability of the skin to produce natural fats and lubricating oils. Extreme conditions can result in contact dermatitis. Metol (developing agent) poisoning can be a result of accumulation  poisoning. Corrosion (chemical burn) by direct contact with the skin or eyes or indirectly through the clothing. Certain precautions must be observed in areas where  acids  and  strong  alkalies  are  handled.  These precautions  are  as  follows: Intoxication or suffocation by inhalation of their fumes. The fumes of some compounds are toxic or poisonous,  while  others  displace  air,  thereby  producing a  suffocating  atmosphere. Poisoning when taken internally. Warning signs and labels-Signs should be posted in the chemical mixing area, warning personnel of the principal hazards of the chemical being used. All containers must be properly identified with hazardous material  labels. Fire and explosion because of their instability Showers and eyewash stations-Showers and under adverse storage conditions. Also, some acids are eyewash stations must be provided near all chemical strong oxidizing agents that can generate ignition mixing  areas. 9-10