Chapter 1 Theory of Light and Optical Principle

• Characteristics of Light
• Color Temperature
• Color Relationships
• Absorption
• Dispersion
• Daylight
• Artificial Light
• Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
• Figure 1-14.-The position of the discharge tube in relation to the reflector
• Principle of a Lens
• Figure 1-16.–Formation of an image by a lens
• Characteristics of Lenses
• Figure 1-19 Image Size and Coverage as Compared to the Lens Focal Length
• Focal Length and Image Size
• Figure 1-20 Subject Coverage Compared to the Lens Focal Length
• Lens Diaphragm
• How to Use Lenses
• Figure 1-23.–Equal f/stops produce equal intensities
• Table 1-1.–Comparison of f/stops with Amount of Light to Exposure Time
• Table 1-2.–Amount of light, f/stop, and Exposure Time Relationship
• f/stops Functions
• Circle of Confusion
• Figure 1-28 Depth of Field
• Hyperfocal Distance
• Conjugate Foci
• Figure 1-31 Conjugate Distances
• Image/Object Relationship
• Figure 1-32 Proportional IFGA
• Using Various Lenses
• Figure 1-33 Comparison of Angle of View on Camera Lenses
• Wide-Angle Lenses
• Table 1-4 Choosing Lenses to Match Angle of View
• Ultra-Wide-Angle   Lenses
• Figure 1-36.–Reflecting telephoto lens
• Figure 1-37.–Out-of-focus highlights caused by a mirror lens
• Figure  1-38.–Variable  focal-length  (zoom)  lens

Chapter 2 Light-Sensitive Material

• Figure 2-1.–IS0 of film
• Contrast
• Emulsion   Definition
• Construction of Black-and-White Film
• Color  Negative  Film
• Instant  Picture  Film
• Sheet  Film
• Black-and-White Printing Paper
• Color Printing Papers
• Film and Paper Expiration Dates

Chapter 3 Photographic Filter

• Filters for Black-and-White Photography
• Table 3-1.–Parallel Filter Bars
• Table 3-2.–Recommended Filters for Use with Black-and-White Panchromatic Film in Daylight
• Table 3-3.–Light Balancing filters
• Table 3-4.–Filters and Exposure Increase for Making Color Pictures by Fluorescent Light
• Neutral Density Filters
• Polarizing Filters
• Skylight Filters
• Darkroom Filters
• Filters for Color Printing
• Dichroic  Filters

Chapter 4 Still Cameras and Controls

• Camera Types
• Small-Format Cameras
• Medium-Format Cameras
• Camera Controls
• Focusing  Systems
• Direct-Vision  Range  Finder  Focusing
• Figure 4-10.–Direct-vision range finder focusing
• Selective Focus
• Aperture
• Table 4-1.–How to Control Depth of Field
• Image  Sharpness
• Focal-Plane Shutter
• Selecting the Shutter Speed
• Figure  4-17.–Panning  with  a  moving  object
• Combining Aperture and Shutter Speed
• Exposure Control
• Factors that Affect Exposure
• Figure  4-18.–Lighting  directions
• Reflection   Properties
• f/16 Rule
• Reflected-Light   Method
• Reflected Light Meter Reading Variations
• Brightness Range Method
• Causes of False Light Meter Readings
• Too Little Light
• View Camera
• Figure 4-24.–Uncorrected and corrected vertical distortion
• View Camera Operation
• Electronic Cameras
• Figure  4-31.–Image  captured  and  transmitted  using  the Kodak DCS Digital Camera

Chapter 5 Basic Photographic Techniques

• Figure  5-1.–Handholding  the  camera
• Camera Supports
• Figure 5-2.–Tripods.
• Figure 5-3.–Using a foot strap to make a tripod more rigid
• Center of Interest
• Subject Placement
• Viewpoint and Camera Angle
• Symmetrical,  or  Formal,  Balance
• Figure 5-8.–High viewpoint and high camera angle
• Figure 5-9A.–Symmetrical,  or formal, balance
• Asymmetrical,  or  Informal,  Balance
• Shapes and Lines
• Figure  5-12.–Leading  lines
• Figure 5-13.–Diagonal lines convey a feeling of dynamic action
• Pattern and Volume
• Figure 5-15.–Shapes used in composition
• Lighting
• Color Contrast
• Framing
• Figure  5-18.–High-key  scene
• Figure 5-20.–Blurred background creates subject separation
• Rectilinear   Perspective
• Height Perspective
• Dwindling Size Perspective
• Atmospheric   Perspective
• Photographic Lighting
• Existing Light
• Fluorescent Lighting
• Pictures Outdoors at Night
• Automatic Electronic Flash Units
• Single Flash
• Figure 5-27.–Effects of direct, diffused and bounce flash
• Off Camera Flash
• Synchro-Sunlight
• Open Flash
• Summary

Chapter 6 Photographic Assignments

• Equipment Security
• Framing People in their Environment
• People Working
• Figure 6-1A.–LT(jg) Robin T. Russler stands watch on the flag bridge of the USS Tripoli
• Group Pictures
• Figure 6-2.–Boat crews aboard the USS Theodore Roosevelt pose with their motor launches
• Figure 6-3.–Arrange long rows in a semicircle.
• Figure  6-4.–Formal  group  photo
• Figure 6-5.–Damage control trainee struggles to repair a ruptured pipe
• People in Action
• Figure 6-6.–Award presented by the former Secretary of Defense Frank C. Carlucci
• Explain the Action
• Background Information
• Investigation Photography
• Fire and Arson Photography
• Figure 6-7.–A close-up damage to the USS Stark after it was struck by Iraqi-launched Exocet missile
• Aircraft Accident Investigation Photography
• Procedures at the Scene of the Accident
• Figure 6-10.–USS White Plains is blown hard aground at Polaris Point, Apra Harbor, Guam
• Product Photography
• Equipment
• Lighting Basic Shapes
• Diffused Light
• Lighting Spherical Shapes
• Creating the Lighting
• Product Photography Techniques
• Dulling Reflections
• Using a Mirror
• Photographing Glass
• Figure 6-15.–A typical setup for lighting glassware
• Blocking Out a Background
• Corrective Photography
• Architectural Photography
• Figure 6-20A.–Construction in progress
• Inspection and Survey Photography
• Industrial Photography
• Photographing Large Machines and Equipment
• Figure 6-22 Interior View Showing Machinery Installation
• Figure 6-23.–Catapult retraction system
• Intelligence Photography
• Ships
• Figure  6-25.–The Soviet cargo ship  Nbah  Pycakob  in the port of Conakry, Guinea
• Summary

Chapter 7 Portraiture

• Studio Equipment
• Lights  and  Accessories
• Film for Portraits
• Camera Height
• Posing
• Portrait Composition and Subject Placement
• Figure 7-5.–Subject placed too low in the photograph
• Fundamental Portrait Lighting
• Main  Light  Distance
• Main  Light  Direction
• Lighting  Ratio
• Side Lighting
• Rim Lighting
• Full-Length Photographs
• Pose and Composition
• Corrective Techniques
• Table 7-1.–Corrective Treatments–Continued
• Passport Photographs
• Personnel Identification Photography

Chapter 8 Copying

• Copyright
• How Long Copyright Protection Lasts
• Works of the United States Government
• Definitions
• Paper  Money,  Checks,  and  Bonds
• Cameras  for  Copying  Large  Originals
• Lenses for Copying
• Lighting Equipment
• Quartz-Iodine Lamps
• Black-and-White Line Originals
• Combined Black-and-White Line and Continuous-Tone Originals
• Special Applications in Copying
• Lighting the Original
• Kelvin  Temperature  of  Illumination
• Determining Exposure
• Processing Copy Films
• Duplicating 35mm Color Slides
• Examining  Results
• Summary

Chapter 9 Chemical Mixing

• Mixing, Testing, and Storing Equipment
• Hydrometers
• pH Meters
• Mixers
• Impeller  Mixers
• Chemical Mixing Rules
• Containers
• Preparation of Photographic Solutions
• Chemical Safety
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
• Summary

Chapter 10 Image Processing and Control

• Preservative
• General Purpose Developers
• Changes in Developer with use
• Water Rinse Bath
• Time  Required  for  Fixing
• Life of a Fixing Bath
• Rate of Water Change
• Film Processing Equipment
• Safelights
• Sheet Film Hangers
• Roll Film Tanks and Reels
• Figure 10-5.–Film developing tanks
• Timers
• Processing Methods
• Tray Processing
• Caution
• Tank Developing Sheet Film
• Figure 10-12.–Loading a sheet film holder
• Figure 10-13.–Sheet film tank processing agitation
• Tank Developing Roll Film
• Figure 10-16.–Leading 35mm film on wire reel
• Figure 10-17.–Loading 120 film on reel
• Figure 10-18.–Arrangement of materials for processing film
• Reversal Processing
• Color Negative Processing
• Color Reversal Film Processing
• Rotary Drum Processor
• Transport Speed
• Solution Temperature
• Quality Processing
• Tonal Gradation
• Figure 10-23.–Exposure and processing affects
• Table 10-1.–Negative Defects: Their Appearance, Cause, and Remedy
• Table 10-1.–Negative Defects: Their Appearance, Cause, and Remedy-Continued
• Table 10-1.–Negative Defects Their Appearance, Cause, and Remedy-Contiuued
• Table 10-1.–Negative Defects Their Appearance, Cause, and Remedy–Continued
• Process Monitoring
• Sensitometry
• Control  Strips
• Densitometry
• Figure 10-28.–Process control chart

Chapter 11 Black and White Printing

• Contact Printing
• Contact Printer
• Contact Printing Procedure
• Test Print
• Exposing  and  Processing  Prints
• Group Print Development
• Projection Printing
• Enlargers
• Condenser Enlargers
• Condenser-Diffusion Enlargers
• Enlarger and Easel Adjustments
• Table 11-2.–Multigrade Filter Selection Guide
• Figure 11-10.–Comparison of a number 0, 2, and 5 contrast printing filter
• Composition and Cropping
• Figure 11-12.–Cropping arms can be used to determine cropping
• Local Print Control
• Figure  11-15.–Vignetted  head-and-shoulders  portrait
• Figure 11-16.–Head-and-shoulders portrait using diffusing techniques
• Minimizing Graininess
• Processing Defects
• Table  11-3.–Print  Defects–Continued

Chapter 12 Color Printing

• Additive  Primaries
• Color Star
• Color Temperature
• Printing Color Negatives
• Making Color Prints
• Figure  12-4.–Ring  around
• Color  Printing  Viewing  Filters
• Table 12-2.–Exposure Factors for Kodak CC and CP Filters
• Color Proof Sheets
• Trial and Error Printing
• Figure 12-5.–On-easel color analyzer
• On-Easel  Analyzers
• Making Transparencies from Color Negatives
• Automated Printers
• Figure 12-7B.–Top view of Pako BC 24 roll paper printer
• Figure 12-9.–Keyboard of a Noritsu Model 1001 print processor

Chapter 13 Motion Media

• Filters
• Exposure Calculation and Control
• Key Terms
• Videotape Recorders
• Tape  Format  System
• Figure  13-4.–Video  scanning.
• Hi8 Track System
• Camcorders
• White  Balance
• Tripods
• Making  Pans
• Secondary   Movement
• Figure 13-9.–TV framing
• Area of Talent Included
• Extreme  Closeup  Shots
• Screen Direction
• Figure 13-12.–Showing change of screen direction
• Static  Screen  Direction
• Cut-In and Cutaway Shots
• Uncontrolled Action
• Recording Graphics
• Identifying Recorded Image Content
• Slating
• Visual Information Caption Sheets
• Videotape Care
• Figure  13-18B.–Visual  information  caption  sheet  (back).
• Summary

Chapter 14 Job Control and Photographic Finishing

• Restricted Data
• Classification Markings on Imaging Products
• Security Areas
• Safekeeping and Storage of Classified Material
• Reciept System for Classified Material
• Visitor Control
• Visual Information Job-Order Form
• Figure 14-2B.–OPNA V 5290/1 (Back)
• Photographic Finishing
• Still Photography
• Print Mounting
• Slide Mounting

Appendix I Glossary

• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary
• Appendix I Glossary

Appendix II Formulas

• Appendix II Formulas

Appendix III References

• Appendix III References
• Appendix III References

Index

• Index
• Index
• Index
• Index
• Index
• Index
• Index
• Index
• Index

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