Figure 8-11.—Cropping L’s. the form of a rectangle, you can adjust them and see the effects of cropping before a crop is actually made. takes  place.  The  measurement  usually  is  given  by columns: two columns, three columns, and so on. You must know the standard width of the column and alley and  the  space  between  the  columns  (one  pica, one-eighth   inch,   and   so   on)   to   get   an   accurate reproduction  width. You will use the three known dimensions (cropped width,  cropped  depth  and  reproduction  width)  to determine  the  unknown  dimension,  usually  the reproductive  depth. REPRODUCTION   DEPTH   (RD).—   T h e reproduction   depth   is   the   number   of   inches   the photograph will be after it is enlarged or reduced to fit in the space allotted for it on the newspaper page. On occasion, you may set aside a vertical space to fill on your newspaper page design. In such a case, you are  using  the  cropped  width,  cropped  depth  and reproduction   depth   to   establish   the   unknown reproduction  width.  This  reverse  procedure  is  used frequently  in  photo  layouts  where  standard  column widths may not apply. Photograph  Dimensions SCALING Before you can scale a photograph (explained later), you   normally   have   to   know   the   following   three dimensions: l  Cropped  width l  Cropped  depth l Reproduction width or reproduction depth CROPPED WIDTH (CW).—  The cropped width is the width of the photograph, in picas, columns or a local unit of measurement, after cropping is completed In  scaling  photographs  and  artwork,  width  is  usually represented   in   picas,   columns   or   the   local   unit   of measurement. Width is not usually represented in inches because  most  other  horizontal  measurements  in newspaper design are in picas, columns or a local unit of measurement (such as ciceros). CROPPED DEPTH (CD).— The cropped depth is the  depth  of  the  photograph  after  cropping  has  been completed. Depth is usually represented in inches,  not picas or columns. REPRODUCTION   WIDTH   (RW).—   T he reproduction width is the actual width of the photograph for   reproduction.   This   is   the   predetermined   space allotted for the photograph before cropping or scaling Scaling is the act of either enlarging or reducing a cropped  photograph  or  artwork  to  fit  a  hole  on  a newspaper page. Since you must first know the cropped dimensions, you cannot scale a photograph before you crop it. Once you know the dimensions, then you can scale the photograph to fit that hole snugly. In scaling a photograph, you are trying to determine either  the  reproduction  depth  or  the  reproduction  width. As you enlarge or reduce the photograph to reproduction width,   the   reproduction   depth   will   change proportionately.   Consequently,   when   you   scale   for reproduction depth, the reproduction width will change proportionately. The  two  simple  ways  to  scale  a  photograph  or artwork to size areas follows: l  The  diagonal  method l The proportional scale method The Diagonal Method The  diagonal  method  of  scaling  a  photograph  or artwork  is  a  mechanical  procedure  that  does  not  require great  mathematical  skill  or  special  tools.  Diagonally 8-13