The pie graph is often used to present a percentage breakdown.  The  complete  pie  or  circle  represents  100 percent.   The  pieces  represent  proportional  percentages. Although  more  difficult  to  prepare,  the  picture graph is often the most interesting and striking of the four types. Picture graphs are used to show trends, comparisons  or  combinations  of  the  two.  They  are prepared  in  a  manner  similar  to  the  bar  graph.  By substituting  whole  and  part  symbols  for  the  bar, percentages  or  quantities  can  be  indicated  accurately. Posters Posters are used to symbolize ideas. Usually they do not contain text. Sometimes a short statement or word can be used to help the audience grasp the idea more quickly. An illustration that clarifies your point can convey a message with great impact. When  you  prepare  a  poster  (or  work  with  the graphics  division  on  its  preparation),  eliminate  all unnecessary  words.  Keep  the  message  simple  and  direct and make sure your picture illustrates what you are trying to get across. There  are  several  methods  by  which  you  can produce a poster. Using an opaque projector (explained later), you can enlarge a picture that can be traced and colored as desired. You can also use carbon paper and a stylus  for  tracing,  either  directly  or  with  a  sheet  of tracing paper in between. For some, using a T square and pantograph will work fine, while others will opt for the  freehand  method. Maps A map should be large enough to be seen easily; it is preferable to draw in or emphasize by color the areas you are discussing. Maps can be reproduced in the same fashion  as  posters. The following list presents a few suggestions to help you develop your technique for using a map effectively as an aid in speaking: l l l Colored overlays may be used to outline specific areas. Colored ribbons may be stretched between points to  show  relationships  and  distances. Cutouts, such as arrows, circles and rings, may be prepared in advanced and taped to the map in the  course  of  the  presentation. . Acquaint yourself with the map so that you do not have to hunt for the country, state, city or area you are trying to point out. Dry Marker or Chalkboards The main advantage of using the dry marker or chalkboard is that an idea can be placed on the board bit by bit or strip-teased as it is developed orally. Consider the following rules for using these boards: l l l l l l l l l l l Plan  your  illustrations  in  advance. Keep  the  board  simple  and  uncluttered. Make sure everyone can see the board. Avoid obstructing the view of the board. Do  not  keep  your  back  to  the  audience  for prolonged  periods. Use a pointer when you point to something on the board. Do  not  allow  yourself  to  get  trapped  by substituting the board for visual aids that you did not get a chance to prepare in advance. Make sure your handwriting is legible. Use  color  for  emphasis–not  mere  decoration. You can sketch diagrams in advance with a pencil to quicken the drawing process while you are speaking. You can prepare and strip-tease art in advance. Slap-Ons Slap-ons are cardboard signs that are usually four inches wide with various lengths. They contain key words or ideas the speaker wants to emphasize. Magnets are glued to the back side and placed on a magnetic chalkboard.  Slap-ens  placed  on  felt-covered  boards require small pieces of Velcro tape glued to the back. Handouts You may use photo copies of a chart, drawing, fact or data sheet, welcome aboard brochure, and so on, as an aid to your talk. You must carefully plan the time of the distribution. Beware of the temptation to pass out handouts, outlines, or any printed matter during the presentation.  Doing  this  will  divert  attention  from  what 6-20