APPENDIX I GLOSSARY

AI-1 APPENDIX I GLOSSARY ACCEPTOR IMPURITY—An impurity which, when added to a semiconductor, accepts one electron from a neighboring atom and creates a hole in the lattice structure of the crystal. Also called TRIVALENT impurities. ALLOYED JUNCTION—A junction formed by recrystallization of a molten region of P-type material on an N-type substrate, or vice versa. ALPHA—The emitter-to-collector current gain in a common-base circuit. AMPLIFICATION—The ratio of output magnitude to input magnitude in a device that is intended to produce an output that is an enlarged reproduction of its input. AMPLIFICATION FACTOR—The voltage of an amplifier with no load on the output. AMPLIFIER—The device that provides amplification (the increase in current, voltage, or power of a signal) without appreciably altering the original signal. AMPLITUDE DISTORTION—Distortion that is present in an amplifier when the amplitude of the output signal fails to follow exactly any increase or decrease in the amplitude of the input signal. ANODE—A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. AVALANCHE EFFECT—A reverse breakdown effect in diodes that occurs at reverse voltage beyond 5 volts. The released electrons are accelerated by the electric field, which results in a release of more electrons in a chain or "avalanche" effect. BASE—The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. BETA—The ratio of a change in collector current to a corresponding change in base current, when the collector voltage is constant in a common-emitter circuit. BREAKDOWN—The phenomenon occurring in a reverse-biased semiconductor diode. The start of the phenomenon is observed as a transition from a high dynamic resistance to one of substantially lower dynamic resistance. This is done to boost the reverse current. CAPACITOR FILTER—This filter is used on extremely high-voltage, low current power supplies and also where the ripple frequency is not critical. CATHODE—The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode that is the source of the electrons. CHOKE—An inductor used to impede the flow of pulsating dc or ac by means of self-inductance. CLASS A AMPLIFIER OPERATION—The amplifier is biased so that variations in input signal polarities occur within the limits of cutoff and saturation.