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Radar  Receiver  Mixers
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Fire Controlman Volume 02-Fire Control Radar Fundamentals
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Detectors

IF  Amplifiers The  IF  section  of  a  radar  receiver  determines  the receiver’s   gain,   signal-to-noise   ratio,   and   effective bandwidth.   The   IF   amplifier   stages   must   have   suffi- cient  gain  and  dynamic  range  to  accommodate  the expected   variation   of   echo   signal   power.   They   must also  have  a  low-noise  figure  and  a  bandpass  wide enough   to   accommodate   the   range   of   frequencies associated  with  the  echo  pulse. The   most   critical   stage   of   a   radar   receiver’s   IF section  is  the  input,  or  first,  stage.  The  excellence (figure  of  merit)  of  this  stage  depends  on  the  noise figure   of   the   receiver   and   the   performance   of   the entire   receiving   system   with   respect   to   the   detection of  small  objects  at  long  ranges.  Not  only  must  gain and  bandwidth  be  considered  in  the  design  of  the  first IF   stage,   but   also,   and   perhaps   of   more   importance, noise  generation  in  this  stage  must  be  low. Noise   generated   in   the   input   IF   stage   will   be amplified   by   succeeding   stages   and   may   exceed   the echo  signal  in  strength.  The  IF  stages  succeeding  the first  stage  usually  achieve  higher  gain  because  the signal  level  has  been  sufficiently  increased  by  the low-noise  input  stage  to  preclude  problems  caused  by noise    generation. A   commonly   used   IF   circuit   is   the   single-tuned amplifier.  Each  stage  has  only  one  tuning  adjustment. Inductance   is   varied   until   resonance   between   it   and the  total  shunt  capacitance  of  the  stage  occurs  at  the desired   IF. The  IF  stages  require  a  wide  bandwidth  to  accom- modate  the  many  frequencies  that  form  the  echo pulse.   Insufficient   bandwidth   results   in   transient   dis- tortion,  which  is  the  inability  of  the  stages  to  amplify transients   linearly.   Transient   distortion   may   result   in ambiguities  in  the  range  of  the  target  because  of  the nonlinear  rise  of  the  leading  edge  of  the  reproduced echo   pulse. The  cascading  of  amplifier  stages  to  achieve  the high  gain  required  in  microwave  IF  amplifiers  results in  an  overall  bandwidth  reduction.  To  compensate  for this  effect,  the  bandwidth  of  separate  stages  must  be increased.   This   may   be   accomplished   by   several methods,  but  we  will  only  mention  stagger  tuning  in this   chapter.   For   further   information   on   these   meth- ods,   consult   the   appropriate   operating   procedures   for your   fire-control   system. In   the   stagger-tuning   method,   the   resonant   fre- quencies  of  the  various  stages  combine  so  that  to- gether  they  pass  the  frequency  band  to  be  amplified. The  product  of  each  stage’s  amplitude  response  curve forms  the  overall  response  curve. Gain  Controls Sensitivity  time  control  (STC)  and  automatic  gain control  (AGC)  are  commonly  used  to  control  the  gain of  IF  amplifiers.  STC  may  even  be  used  in  RF  ampli- fier   stages   of   some   radar   receivers.   Radars   detect targets  of  a  wide  variety  of  sizes,  ranges,  and  reflec- tive  area,  which  produce  a  wide  range  of  echo  signal amplitudes   that   may   exceed   the   dynamic   range   of   a fixed  gain  receiver. SENSITIVITY  TIME  CONTROL.—   Sensitivity time   control   (STC)   is   used   to   control   the   gain   of   a radar  receiver  as  a  function  of  range.  Close-in  target echoes  and  clutter  return  are  of  greater  amplitude  than when  they  are  at  greater  ranges.  Using  STC  tends  to equalize   the   amplitude   of   echoes   independent   of range.   There   are   several   methods   of   STC,   from   the simple  resistance/capacitance  (RC)  time  constant  to the   more-elaborate   digital   schemes.   The   digital   STC may  be  controlled  by  a  computer  to  provide  optimum gain  as  a  function  of  range. AUTOMATIC   GAIN   CONTROL.—   Automatic gain   control   (AGC)   is   common   in   most   receiving systems,  whether  radar  or  communications.  The  AGC circuit   detects   the   output   from   the   IF   amplifier   and produces  a  voltage  proportional  to  the  strength  of  the detected  signal  and  noise.  For  a  close-in  strong  target return,   a   larger   AGC   voltage   is   produced   and   the overall  receiver  gain  is  reduced,  thereby  producing  the optimum  signal  strength  out  of  the  amplifier.  This closes   the   AGC   loop   and   produces   a   relatively   con- 2-26

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