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Page Title: Electron Gun
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Klystron   Amplifiers
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Fire Controlman Volume 02-Fire Control Radar Fundamentals
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MULTICAVITY   POWER   KLYSTRON   AMPLIFIERS

A  triode  tube  consists  of  three  elements:  (1)  a cathode  that  emits  a  stream  of  electrons,  (2)  a  grid  that controls   the   electron   stream,   and   (3)   a   plate   that attracts  the  electrons  and  catches  them  after  they  pass through  the  grid. 1. Cathode:  The  cathode  emits  a  stream  of  elec- trons. 2.  Grid:  The   grid   acts   as   a   valve,   opening   or closing  the  current  path  according  to  the  voltage  ap- plied  to  it.  The  RF  input  signal  comes  to  the  grid  as  a weak   alternating   voltage.   This   voltage   modulates   the electron  flow  through  the  tube  at  the  radio  frequency. 3. Plate:  The  electron  stream  then  delivers,  at  the plate,  an  alternating  current,  which  is  an  amplified reproduction   of   the   input   signal.   This   alternating current   flows   through   the   resonant   plate   circuit   and excites   alternating   voltages   across   it.   These   voltages constitute  the  RF  output  from  the  amplifier. The  time  it  takes  electrons  to  cross  the  tube  is  ap- proximately   one-billionth   of   a   “second.   This   transit time  is  short  compared  to  the  period  of  a  cycle  of  a radio   wave   below   the   microwave   range   (approxi- mately   one-millionth   of   a   second).   Hence,   the   elec- trons  are  slowed  down  or  speeded  up  by  the  voltage on  the  grid  at  a  given  instant.  The  flow  of  electrons, therefore,   can   follow   the   voltage   fluctuation   on   the grid. In  the  case  of  microwaves,  however,  the  oscil- lations  are  so  rapid  (the  cycle  period  is  so  short)  that the  voltage  on  the  grid  may  go  through  several  com- plete   oscillations   while   a   particular   quantity   of electrons   travel   across   the   tube.   In   other   words,   the grid  voltage  changes  too  rapidly  for  the  electrons  to follow   the   fluctuation.   There   are   other   reasons   why the   conventional   triode   tube   fails   at   microwave   fre- quencies,  but  the  most  fundamental  reason  is  that  the transit  time  of  the  electrons  is  long  when  compared  to the  period  of  one  cycle  of  the  microwave  signal. The  klystron  amplifier  makes  a  virtue  of  the  very thing   that   defeats   the   triode—the   transit   time   of   the electrons.   The   klystron   amplifier   modulates   the   ve- locity  of  the  electrons,  so  that  as  the  electrons  travel through  the  tube,  electron  bunches  are  formed.  These bunches   deliver   an   oscillating   current   to   the   output resonant  circuit  of  the  klystron.  The  klystron  amplifier consists   of   three   separate   sections:   the   electron   gun, the  RF  section,  and  the  collector. .  Electron  Gun:   The  electron  gun  consists  of  a heater,  a  cathode,  a  control  grid,  and  an  anode.  Elec- trons  are  emitted  by  the  cathode  and  drawn  toward  the anode,  which  is  operated  at  a  positive  potential  with respect  to  the  cathode.  The  electrons  are  formed  into a   narrow   beam   by   either   electrostatic   or   magnetic focusing  techniques.  The  control  grid  is  used  to  con- trol  the  number  of  electrons  that  reach  the  anode  re- gion.  It  may  also  be  used  to  turn  the  tube  completely on   or   off   in   certain   pulsed-amplifier   applications. Well-formed  by  the  time  it  reaches  the  anode,  the electron  beam  passes  through  a  hole  in  the  anode  and on  to  the  RF  section  of  the  tube,  eventually  striking the  collector.  The  electrons  are  returned  to  the  cathode through   an   external   power   supply.   It   is   evident   that the  collector  of  a  klystron  amplifier  acts  much  like  the plate  of  a  triode  insofar  as  the  collecting  of  electrons is  concerned.  However,  there  is  one  important  dif- ference.  The  plate  of  a  triode  is  normally  connected, in  some  fashion,  to  the  output  RF  circuit,  whereas  in a   klystron   amplifier,   the   collector   has   no   connection to  the  RF  circuitry  at  all. .   RF   Section:   The   RF   section   of   a   basic   kly- stron  amplifier  is  quite  different  from  a  conventional triode  amplifier.  The  resonant  circuits  used  in  a  kly- stron   amplifier   are   reentrant   cavities. .   Collector:   The   collector   is   normally   insulated from   the   RF   section   of   large   klystron   amplifiers   to permit   separate   metering   of   the   electrons   intercepted by   the   drift   tubes   and   those   intercepted   by   the   col- lector.  The  electrons  intercepted  by  the  RF  section  are called  body  current,  whereas   electrons   intercepted   by the  collector  are  referred  to  as  collector   current.   Ob- viously,  the  sum  of  the  body  current  and  the  collector current   is   equal   to   the   total   current   in   the   electron beam,   which   is   called   beam   current.   Klystron   am- plifier  specifications  often  place  a  maximum  limit  on allowable   body   current.   The   collector   of   most   high- power   klystrons   is   insulated   from   the   body   of   the tube,  This  allows  separate  metering  and  overload  pro- 2-13

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