sound-powered  telephones,  maintenance  and repair  of  motors  and  generators. .  Main  engines  division:  The  main  engines, engine-room   auxiliaries,   reduction   gears, turbogenerators,  pumps,  air  ejectors,  piping systems,  watch  standing,  and  safety  precautions. .  Repair  division:  Watertight  integrity,  care  of damage control equipment, location of the repair lockers, and the duties and responsibilities of the pipe  shop,  shipfitter  shop,  and  carpenter  shop. Military  Training Most  officers  and  enlisted  personnel  get  initial military training before or during basic training. In addition, enlisted personnel are required to take military training   correspondence   courses   to   qualify   for advancement.  Most  military  training  offered  on  board ship is refresher training because even experienced naval  personnel  may  need  to  be  reminded  of  their military duties. Military training may be offered in a number of ways, such as in formal classes, at morning quarters, and as excerpts in the ship’s plan of the day. Professional   Training There   are   four   basic   sources   of   professional training:  (1)  civilian  institutions,  such  as  technical schools, colleges, and universities; (2) Navy schools; (3) correspondence  courses;  and  (4)  operational  training. We’ll discuss each of these in the following paragraphs, but we’ll give more attention to operational training since it is the only ongoing training aboard ship and the training  most  directly  related  to  performance. CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS.– Officers and senior petty  officers  should  counsel  personnel  on  the  need  to take courses in local education and training institutions when they are on shore duty. and through the Campus Afloat program, where many larger ships have civilian instructors on board who hold colleges classes during off-duty  hours.  These  studies  improve  knowledge  and skill,  help  the  chances  for  advancement,  and  help prepare for civilian life. NAVY  SCHOOLS.–  Officers  and  senior  petty officers should counsel personnel to apply for Navy schools that will help them advance. This is especially true where a Navy school is not in the training path for a rating and where younger personnel may not know about specialized schools available to them. An example is a school to qualify for a Navy enlisted classification (NEC)  specialty  within  the  rating. CORRESPONDENCE  COURSES.–  Corres- pondence  courses  are  the  most  easily  accessible  of  all training  courses.  They  offer  the  greatest  variety  of military  and  professional  development  courses  for officers and enlisted personnel. BUPERSINST 1430.16 sets  mandatory  requirements  for  enlisted  advancement that include certain correspondence courses in military and   professional   training.   Those   are   listed   in Bibliography  for  Advancement  Study,  NAVEDTRA 12052. Figure 3-3 shows a record of courses taken for advancement. It maybe useful as a way to keep up with those who have completed the necessary courses. Many  other  correspondence  courses  are  available both from the Navy and from other branches of the armed services. Use the  List of Training Manuals and Correspondence  Courses,  NAVEDTRA  12061,  to review the offerings and to order courses. See the ESO for sources and applications. Operational  Training Each  division  should  plan  an  operational  training program based on qualifications for advancement. It should qualify personnel to do the jobs in their ratings as well as the military and general ship-related jobs and prepare  them  to  advance  in  rate.  As  part  of  the qualification   process,   it   should   prepare   them   to complete Personnel Advancement Requirements (PAR) and Personnel Qualification Standards (PQS), which we’ll discuss in more detail later in the chapter. The division  officer  is  primarily  responsible  for  operational training, but the division training officer (if the division has  one)  implements  it. Senior   personnel   should   keep   up   with   their subordinates’ training and qualifications so they can adjust  training  to  meet  needs  and  provide  their supervisors  with  the  current  training  status  of  all personnel. The division officer needs a continuing flow of  information  on  training  and  qualifications.  With  that information, he can keep accurate records to adjust the division  training  program  as  necessary  and  to recommend  personnel  for  advancement. Operational   training   may   be   defined   as   the application  phase  of  professional  training.  Trainees  get operational training mostly by study, by on-the-job training and demonstration, and by drills while they stand  watch  (or  battle)  stations.  Such  training  develops individual  and  team  efficiency,  familiarizes  all personnel  with  minimum  operational  requirements  in the ship, and qualifies replacements for personnel at condition  watch  stations.  On-the-job  training  and  drills 3-6