Chapter 1 Construction Methods And Materials: Heavy Construction

• Abutments
• Intermediate Supports
• Superstructure
• Foundations And Piles
• Figure 1-7.—Wall And Column Foundations.
• Bearing Piles
• Waterfront Structures
• Stable-Shoreline Structures
• Figure 1-17.—Steel Sheet-Pile Bulkhead.
• Figure 1-20.—Cap And Fender Pile For Bulkhead.
• Wharfage Structures
• Figure 1-24.—Cross Section Of An Advanced-Base Timber Pier.
• Timber Fasteners And Connectors
• Timber Connectors
• Structural Steel
• Structural Steel Shapes
• Figure 1-35.—Built-Up Column Section.
• Steel Frame Structures
• Figure 1-40.—Typical Steel Trusses.
• Figure 1-41.—Steel Truss Fabricated From Angle-Shaped Members.
• Bridges
• Towers
• Structural Steel Connectors
• Figure 1-48.—Types Or Welds.
• Pins
• Questions
• Questions - Continued

• Transmission System
• Primary Feeders
• Primary Mains
• Control And Protective Devices
• Conductor Supports
• Figure 2-7.—Anchors.
• Figure 2-9.—Terminal Down Guy.
• Laying Out Of Pole Lines
• Figure 2-14. Typical Master Plan Drawing Of An Electrical Distribution System.
• Electrical Distribution Drawings
• Electrical Details
• Figure 2-16.—Pole Detail For Use With The Site Plan Shown In Figure 2-15.
• Water Supply And Distribution
• Figure 2-18.—Transformer Pad Details For Use With The Site Plan Shown In Figure 2-15.
• Distribution System Elements And Accessories
• Distribution System Layout
• Hydrant Locations
• Wastewater Systems
• Design
• Figure 2-22.—Types Of Manholes
• Questions

• Survey
• Road Plan
• Road Profile
• Road Dimensions
• Figure 3-5. Profile And Grade Line
• Sequence Of Construction
• Typical Section
• Preliminary Cross Section
• Drainage
• Roadway Ditches
• Figure 3-12.—Drainage Systems.
• Interceptor Ditches
• Figure 3-14. Plan View Of An Advanced-Base Airfield
• Airfields
• Figure 3-16.—Typical Flexible Pavement And Terminology.
• Planning An Airfield
• Materials
• Questions

• Architectural Divis1on
• Electrical Division
• Fire Protection Division
• Heating System
• Steam-Heating Systems
• Ventilating Systems
• Figure 4-8.—Window Air Conditioner.
• Self-Contained (Package) Units
• Heating And Air-Conditioning Layout
• Checking And Editing Construction Drawings - Continued
• Questions
• Figure 4-12. Heating And Air-Conditioning Layout
• Figure 4-12 Heating And Air-Conditioning Layout Continued.
• Figure 4-12 Heating And Air-Conditioning Layout Continued.

• Figure 5-1.—Sample Page From A Navfacengcom Guide Specification.
• Other Specifications
• Guidance
• Use Of Drawings And Specifications
• Estimating Bulk Material Requirements
• Concrete
• Advanced Base Planning
• Figure 5-3.—Typical Data Display For A Component.
• Figure 5-4.—Typical Data Display For A Facility.
• Questions
• Figure 5-5.—Typical Data Display For An Assembly.
• Figure 5-6.—Typical Retaining Wall.

• Instrument Adjustments And Repairs
• Engineer’s Level Adjustments
• Adjusting The Level Tube
• Transit Adjustments
• Adjusting The Plate Bubbles
• Adjusting The Line Of Sight
• Adjusting The Telescope Level
• Minor Repairs And Replacement Procedures
• Questions

• Trigonometric Leveling
• Figure 7-3.—Lines Of Indirect Levels.
• Level And Traverse Computations
• Level Computations
• Calculating The Allowable Error
• Traverse Computations
• Checking And Reducing Angles
• Figure 7-8.—Latitude And Departure.
• Linear Error Of Closure
• Figure 7-14.—Form For Adjusting Latitudes And Departures.
• Traverse Tables/Adjusting Bearings And Distances
• Plane Coordinates
• Computing Areas
• Area By Double Meridian Distance
• Figure7-21.—Area From Double Meridian Distances.
• Area By Double Parallel Distance
• Figure 7-26.—First Step For Tabulated Computation Of Figure 7-24.
• Area By Trapezoidal Formula.
• Area By Counting The Squares
• Parcels That Include Curves
• Figure 7-32.—Computation Of Area Which Includes Curve Segments.
• Figure 7-34.—Computation Of Area Which Includes External Area Of Curves.
• Plotting Horizontal Control
• Plotting Angles From Tangents
• Plotting By Coordinates
• Mistakes In Computations
• Outsized Latitude And/Or Departure Error Of Closure
• Questions
• Questions - Continued

• Vertical Control
• Locating Details By Transit And Stadia
• Stadia Interval
• Figure 8-4.-(A) Angle Of Elevation And (B) Angle Of Depression.
• Distance And Elevation For Inclined Sights
• Approximate Forms Of Stadia Formulas
• Field Procedures
• Figure 8-9.-Difference In Elevation.
• Figure 8-10.-Notes For Locating Topographical Details By Transit And Stadia.
• Figure 8-11.-Horizontal Distances And Elevations From Stadia Readings.
• Topographic Mapping
• Ground Point Systems
• Grid Coordinate System
• Cross Refiles
• Characteristics Of Contour Lines
• Figure 8-19.-Uniform, Gentle Slope.
• Figure 8-23.-Hill.
• Figure 8-25.-Ridge And Spur.
• Map Scales And Contour Intervals
• Contour Map Construction
• Interpolating Contour Lines
• General Requirements For Topographic Maps
• Questions

• Orientation Methods
• Backlighting
• Three-Point Method.
• Point Location
• Values Of Plane-Table Method
• Figure 9-8.-Plane-Table Notes.
• Plane-Table Pointers
• Development Of A Topographic Map
• Map Projection
• Mercator Projection
• Transverse Mercator Projection - Continued
• Universal Transverse Mercator Military Grid
• Universal Transverse Mercator Military Grid - Continued
• Figure 9-15. 100,000-Meter-Square Identifications For The Military Grid Reference System
• Figure 9-16.-Portion Of A Military Map.
• Figure 9-17.-Division Of A Grid Square.
• Figure 9-19.—Marginal Information On A Military Map (2).
• Conic Projection
• Conformality
• Polyconic Projection
• Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
• Questions

• Route Surveys For Overhead Electrical Distribution And Transmission Lines
• Route Surveys For Drainage
• Artificial Drainage
• Ditches
• Storm Sewer Route Survey
• Earthwork Computations
• Area By Formula
• Area Of Five-Level Or Irregular Section
• Earthwork Volume
• Table 10-1.—Soil Conversion Factors
• Table 10-2.—Table Of Cumulative Yardage
• Figure 10-10.—Profile And Mass Diagram.
• Construction Surveys
• Culverts And Bridges
• Figure 10-12.—Ditch Inlet And Pipe Culvert
• Figure 10-14.—Staking A Right-Angle Abutment.
• Figure 10-16.—Staking Out Abutment Wing Walls.
• Sewer Stakeout
• Sewer Stakeout - Continued
• Laser Method Of Laying Pipe
• Figure 10-22.—Combination Power And Communication Manhole.
• Figure 10-23.—Handhole.
• Figure 10-25.—Runway Approach Zone
• Airfield Surveys
• Waterfront Surveys
• Offshore Location By Chaining
• Offshore Location By Triangulation
• Figure 10-32.—Trigonometric Solution For Pile No. 65.
• Land Surveying
• Figure 10-34.—Lot Plan By Metes And Bounds.
• By Rectangular System
• Job Requirements Of The Land Surveyor
• Land Survey General Procedure
• Plats Of Surveyed Lands
• Land Survey Precision
• Questions

• Types Of Horizontal Curves
• Figure 11-3.—Elements Of A Horizontal Curve.
• Degree Of Curvature
• Degree Of Curve (Chord Definition)
• Curve Formulas
• Middle Ordinate And External Distance
• Solving And Laying Out A Simple Curve
• Solving A Simple Curve - Continued
• Simple Curve Layout
• Field Notes
• Vertical Curves
• Elements Of Vertical Curves
• Figure 11-16.—Algebraic Differences Of Grades.
• Symmetrical Vertical Curves
• Figure 11-18.—Table Of Computations Of Elevations On A Symmetrical Vertical Curve.
• Symmetrical Vertical Curves - Continued
• Unsymmetrical Vertical Curves
• Checking The Computation By Plotting
• Using A Profile Work Sheet
• Questions

• Direction Of Edm Measured Lines
• Reduction Of Slope Distance
• Figure 12-4.—Slope Reduction Using Vertical Angle And Slope Distance.
• Electronic Positioning Systems
• Laser Equipment
• Laser Rod
• Questions

• Sample Preparation And Compaction Procedures
• Data And Calculations
• Figure 13-3.—Determination Of Optimum Moisture Content.
• Density Tests
• Calibration
• Figure 13-6a.—Data Sheet (Dd Form 1215) For In-Place Soil Density, Sand-Cone Method.
• Site Preparation
• Figure 13-6b.—Reverse Of Data Sheet (Dd Form 1215) For Sand-Cone Method.
• Bearing Tests
• Cbr Test Equipment And Tools
• Preparation Of Test Samples
• Figure 13-11a.—Front Of Data Sheet (Dd Form 1212) For California Bearing Ratio Test.
• Figure 13-11b.—Stress-Penetration Curves (Reverse Of Cbr Test Data Sheet Dd Form 1212).
• Figure 13-12.—Adjusting The Zero Point Of The Curve.
• Hydrometer Analysis
• Figure 13-14.—Astm Hydrometer.
• Calculations
• Concrete And Concrete Testing
• Identification Of Cement
• Aggregates
• Tests For Aggregates
• Tests For Soundness
• Test For Undesirable Lightweight Material
• Specific Gravity And Absorption, Fine Aggregate
• Surface Moisture (Astm C 70 And Astm C 566)
• Admixtures
• Densifiers
• Concrete Testing
• Unit Weight (Astm C 138)
• Figure 13-22.—Compression-Testing Machine.
• Flexural-Strength Test (Astm C 78)
• Flexural-Strength Test (Astm C 78) - Continued
• Other Concrete Strength Tests
• Bitumens And Bituminous-Materials Testing
• Asphalts
• Table 13-5.-Asphalt Cutback Composition (Expressed In Percent Of Total Volume)
• Emulsions
• Characteristics And Uses Of Bitumens
• Figure 13-29.-Field Identification Of Unknown Bituminous Materials.
• Field Identification Of Bitumens
• Laboratory Tests Of Bitumens
• Identification Tests
• Flash Point Tests
• Tests On Aggregate
• Test For Mineral Dust
• Figure 13-35.—Data Sheet For Specific Gravity Of Bituminous Mix Components (Dd Form 1216).
• Mix Design Tests
• Density And Voids Determination
• Hazardous-Material Precautions
• Questions

• Labor Distribution Reports And Timekeeping
• Deployment Completion Report
• Drafting Room Layout
• Engineering Technical Library
• Training Of Drafters
• Figure 14-1.—Typical Engineering Division Work Request.
• Field Engineering Section
• Work Assignments
• Procedures For Checking Field Notes
• Materials Testing Section
• Work Assignments
• Questions
• Questions - Continued

• Elements Of Field Astronomy
• Figure 15-1.-Reference Lines.
• Celestial System Of Coordination
• Figure 15-3.—Terrestrial And Celestial Coordinate System.
• Figure 15-4.-Horizon System Of Coordinates.
• Astronomical Triangle
• Table 15-1.—Sun And Moon Daily Page From The Nautical Almanac
• Table 15-2.- Page From The Nautical Almanac (Table Of Increments And Corrections)
• Table 15-3.-Star And Planet Daily Page From The Nautical Almanac
• Declination
• Figure 15-6.-Time Diagram.
• Local Hour Angle (Lha)
• Meridian Angle
• Latitude By Altitude Of The Sun At Noon
• Table 15-4.-Solar Ephemeris For May 1985
• Sun Observations For Azimuth
• Time And Date
• Field Procedure
• Figure 15-14.—Sun-Observation Example Field Notes.
• Field Procedure - Continued
• Field Procedure - Continued
• Observations On Polaris Or Other Stars
• Triangulation
• Types Of Triangulation Networks
• Chain Of Quadrilaterals
• Triangulation Stations, Signals, And Instrument Supports
• Figure 15-18.—Tripod Targets.
• Figure 15-19.—Bipod Target.
• Figure 15-23.—Heliotrope.
• Signals
• Reconnaissance
• Base Line Measurement
• Computations
• Adjusting A Chain Of Quadrilaterals
• Adjusting A Chain Of Quadrilaterals - Continued
• Checking For Precision
• Base Line Discrepancy
• Locations Of Points
• Coordinates
• Questions

• Base Map Surveys
• Pedological Surveys
• Soil Surveys
• Objectives Of A Soil Survey
• Figure 16-1.—Typical Boring Log.
• Sources Of Information
• Field Observations
• Planning Field Explorations
• Recommended Procedures For Soil Surveys
• Soil Classification
• Borderline Soils
• Fine-Grained Soils
• Coefficient Of Curvature
• Field Identification
• Visual Examination
• Breaking Or Dry-Strength Test
• Roll Or Thread Test
• Odor Test
• Bite Or Grit Test
• Figure 16-9.—Sieve Analysis Data.
• Figure 16-11.—Atterberg Limits Determination.
• Questions - Continued
• Chapte R17 Mix Design: Concrete And Asphalt
• Aggregates
• Trial Batch Method
• Example Using Trial Batch Method
• Absolute Volume Method
• Example Using Absolute Volume Method
• Example Using Absolute Volume Method - Continued
• Variation In Mixtures
• Materials Estimation
• Bituminous Mix Design
• General Procedures And Guidelines
• Figure 17-5.—Aggregate Grading Chart, Stockpile Materials.
• Figure 17-6a.—Bituminous Mix Design, Aggregate Blending, Data Sheet (Front).
• Figure 17-6b.—Bituminous Mix Design, Aggregate Blending, Data Sheet (Back).
• Figure 17-7.—Aggregate Grading Chart, Specification Limits And Gradation Of Blended Aggregate.
• Figure 17-8.—Specific Gravity Of Bituminous Mix Components, Data Sheet.
• Figure 17-9a.—Test Results, Marshall Stability Test (Front).
• Figure 17-9b.—Test Results, Marshall Stability Test (Back).
• Figure 17-10.—Asphalt Mix Curves, Marshall Test Properties.
• Aggregate Blending Limits
• Job-Mix Formula (Ac Mixes)
• Surface Area Method Of Mix Design

• General Requirements For Use Of Stabilizers
• Bituminous
• Table 18-2.—Guide For Selecting A Stabilizing Additive
• Soil-Cement Stabilization
• Soil-Cement Tests
• Bituminous Stabilization
• Types Of Bitumen
• Questions

• Appendix I - Continued
• Appendix I - Continued

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Appendix V Unified Soil Classification System

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• Index - Continued
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