The  procedures  for  using  a  caster-camber  gauge for measuring caster are as follows: With the vehicle centered on the turning radius gauges, turn one of the front wheels inward until the turning radius gauge reads 20 degrees. Turn the adjustment knob on the caster-camber gauge until the bubble is centered on zero. Then turn the wheel out 20 degrees. The degree marking next to the bubble will equal the  caster  of  that  front  wheel.  Compare  the reading to the manufacturer’s specifications and adjust as needed. Repeat this operation on the opposite side of the vehicle. The  procedures  for  using  a  caster-camber  gauge for measuring camber are as follows: With the vehicle on a perfectly level surface, turn the front wheels straight ahead until the turning radius gauges read zero. Read the number of degrees next to the bubble on the camber scale of the caster-camber gauge. This  will  show  camber  for  that  wheel.  If  not within manufacturer’s specifications, adjust the camber. Double-check   the   caster   readings,   especially when  an  excessive  amount  of  camber adjustment is required. NOTE If shims are used to adjust camber, add or remove  the  same  amount  of  shims  from  the front  and  rear  of  the  control  arm.  This  will keep the caster set correctly,. Tram Gauge The tram gauge (fig. 8-57) is a metal rod or shaft with  two  pointers,  used  to  compare  the  distance between the front and rear of the tires of the vehicle for toe adjustment. The pointers slide on the gauge so they can be set to the distance between the tires. The tram gauge   will   indicate   toe-out   or   toe-in   in   inches   or millimeters. The  procedures  for  using  a  tram  gauge  for measuring toe are as follows: Raise the front wheels of the vehicle and rub a chalk line all the way around the center rib on each tire. Figure 8-57.—Tram gauge. With a scribing tool, rotate each tire and scribe a fine line on the chalk line. This will give you a very  thin  reference  line  for  measuring  the distance between the tires. Lower  the  vehicle  back  on  the  turning  radius gauges. Position the tram gauge at the back of the tires. Move  the  pointers  until  they  line  up  with  the scribe marks on the tires. Without  bumping  the  tram  gauge  pointers, reposition the gauge to the front of the tires. The difference between the lines on the front and rear of the tires shows toe. If  the  lines  on  the  front  of  the  tires  are  closer together than on the rear, the wheels are toed-in. If the lines are the same distance apart at the front and rear, toe is zero. Use the manufacturer’s service manual for specifications  and  adjustment  procedures. Q1. Q2. Q3. REVIEW  5  QUESTIONS Define the term alignment. What are the six fundamental angles required for proper wheel alignment? What  gauge  is  used  to  compare  the  distance between  the  front  and  rear  of  the  tires  of  the vehicle for toe adjustment? BODY  REPAIR Learning  Objective:  Describe  the  procedures  for repairing  and  refinishing  automotive  bodies.  Explain the  Naval  Construction  Force  (NCF)  policy  on corrosion  control. The  automotive  body  provides  protection  for  the engine,  power  train  components,  operator,  and  any cargo or passengers. At the same time, it adds strength to  the  frame  and  provides  adequate  vision  for  the operator. Last but not least, the body design provides a pleasant  outward  appearance. 8-47