15.  Mechanical   Systems   include   plumbing, heating, air conditioning, fire-protection systems, and refrigeration   systems. 16. Electrical  Systems  include  electrical  service and distribution systems, electrical power equipment, electric heating and cooling systems, lighting, and other electrical  items. Each of the previous divisions is further divided into sections. You can find information on the required sections   of   Division   1   in   the   MIL-HDBK-1006/1, Policy  and  Procedures  for  Project  Drawing  and Specification  Preparation.  The Division 1 section is generally   common   to   all   projects   done   under   a construction contract. Divisions 2 through 16 contain the   technical   sections   that   pertain   to   the   specific project  for  which  the  spec  writer  has  prepared  the specification.   These   technical   sections   follow   the CSI-recommended three-part section format. The first part,   General,   includes   requirements   of   a   general nature.  Part  2,  Products,  addresses  the  products  or quality of materials and equipment to be included in the work. The third part, Execution, provides detailed requirements for performance of the work. Some  construction  industries  have  developed  a division  17  or  18  to  the  CSI  due  to  the  changing technology   of   construction.   Even   NAVFAC   has developed a division 17, called the  “Expeditionary Structures,”   which   includes   K-SPAN   and   High Tension Fabric buildings. Refer to chapter 9 for more information on Division 17 or the P-405. GUIDANCE Usually, the engineer or spec writer prepares each section  of  a  specification  based  on  the  appropriate guide  specification  listed  in  the   Engineering    and Design   Criteria   for   Navy   Facilities,   MIL-BUL-34. This  military  bulletin  (issued  quarterly  by  the  Naval Construction   Battalion   Center,   Port   Hueneme, California)   lists   current   NAVFACENGCOM   guide specifications,  standard  specifications  and  drawings, definitive  drawings,  NAVFAC  design  manuals,  and military handbooks that are used as design criteria. The  preceding  material  provides  only  a  brief overview   of   construction   specifications.   For additional   guidance   regarding   specification preparation,  refer  to  Policy  and  Procedures  for  Project D r a w i n g    a n d    S p e c i f i c a t i o n    P r e p a r a t i o n , MIL-HDBK-1006/1,  and  EA  Intermediate/Advanced. PLANNING PLANNING  is  the  process  the  Builders  use  to determine  requirements  and  to  devise  and  develop methods and actions for constructing a project. Good construction   planning   is   a   combination   of   the following  elements:  understanding  the  plans  and specifications  and  understanding  and  analyzing  the available resources, such as material, equipment, and manpower.   PLANNING   is   also   the   process   of determining the working environment, quality control, and   safety   procedures/precautions.   All   of   these elements   depend   upon   each   other   and   must   be considered in any well-planned project. In   the   late   1950s,   a   new   system   of   project planning,   scheduling,   and   control   came   into widespread   use   in   the   construction   industry.   The critical   path   analysis   (CPA),   critical   path   method (CPM),  and  project  evaluation  and  review  technique (PERT)   are   three   examples   of   about   50   different approaches. The basis for each of these approaches is the analysis of a network of events and activities. The generic   title   of   the   various   networks   is   network analysis. NETWORK  ANALYSIS The NETWORK ANALYSIS approach is now the accepted  method  of  construction  planning  in  many organizations.   Network   analysis   forms   the   core   of project   planning   and   control   systems.   Network analysis separates the planning of the sequence of jobs from   the   scheduling   of   times   for   the   jobs,   thus overcoming simultaneous, and less effective, planning and scheduling. All  projects  consist  of  separate  but  interrelated operations.   In   network   analysis,   these   interrelated operations   are   called   “activities.”   Activities   are broken down into two phases: master activities (Level IIs) and construction or detailed activities (Level IIIs). Master   and   construction   activities   will   be   covered throughout this section. The  first  stage  in  applying  this  technique  is  the preparation of a list of all activities that constitute the project to be scheduled. This list can be obtained in the following ways: Study of the plans and the specifications (fig. 2-1 2) Study  of  the  manufacturer’s  specifications Bill of materials (BMs) 2-19