The   organizations   publishing   these   specifications include, but are not limited to, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the American Society for Testing   and   Materials   (ASTM),   the   Underwriters Laboratories  (UL),  and  the  American  Iron  and  Steel Institute  (AISI).  Trade  association  specifications contain  requirements  common  to  many  companies within a given industry. Manufacturer’s   Specifications Manufacturer’s specifications contain the precise description  for  the  manner  and  process  for  making, constructing, compounding, and using any items the manufacturer  produces.  They  should  not  be  referenced or copied verbatim in project specifications but may be used to aid in the preparation of them. PROJECT   SPECIFICATIONS Construction   drawings   are   supplemented   by written  project  specifications.  Project  specifications give   detailed   information   regarding   materials   and methods of work for a particular construction project. They cover various factors relating to the project, such as   general   conditions,   scope   of   work,   quality   of materials,  standards  of  workmanship,  and  protection of finished work. Usually, drawings are accompanied by  a  set  of  project  specifications.  The  drawings  and project   specifications   are   inseparable.   Drawings indicate what the project specifications do not cover. Project  specifications  indicate  what  the  drawings  do not  portray  and  clarify  details  that  are  not  covered amply   by   the   drawings.   When   you   are   preparing project  specifications,  it  is  important  that  the specifications and drawings be closely coordinated so that  discrepancies  and  ambiguities  are  minimized. Whenever  there  is  conflicting  information  between the  drawings  and  project  specs,  the  specifications  take precedence over the drawings. ORGANIZATION  OF  SPECIFICATIONS For  consistency,  the  Construction  Specifications Institute   (CSI)   has   organized   the   format   of specifications  into  16  construction  divisions.  These divisions,  used  throughout  the  military  and  civilian construction industry, are listed in order as follows: 1.   General   Requirements   include   information that  is  of  a  general  nature  to  the  project,  such  as inspection  requirements  and  environmental  protection. 2. Site Work includes work performed on the site, such as grading, excavation, compaction, drainage, site utilities, and paving. 3. Concrete  includes  precast  and  cast-in-place concrete,  formwork,  and  concrete  reinforcing. 4. Masonry   includes   concrete   masonry   units, brick, stone, and mortar. 5. Metals  include  such  items  as  structural  steel, open-web  steel  joists,  metal  stud  and  joist  systems, ornamental   metal   work,   grills,   and   louvers. (Sheet-metal work is usually included in Division 7.) 6. Wood  and Plastics  include  wood  and  wood framing, rough and finish carpentry, foamed plastics, fiber  glass-reinforced  plastics,  and  laminated  plastics. 7. Thermal  and Moisture  Protection  includes such items as waterproofing, dampproofing, insulation, roofing materials, sheet metal and flashing, caulking, and sealants. 8. Doors and Windows include doors, windows, finish  hardware,  glass  and  glazing,  storefront  systems, and similar items. 9. Finishes  include such items as floor and wall coverings, painting, lathe, plaster, and tile. 10. Specialties include prefabricated products and devices,  such  as  chalkboards,  moveable  partitions, fire-fighting  devices,  flagpoles,  signs,  and  toilet accessories. 11. Equipment   includes  such  items  as  medical equipment,   laboratory   equipment,   food   service equipment,   kitchen   and   bath   cabinetwork,   and countertops. 12. Furnishings   include   prefabricated   cabinets, blinds,  drapery,  carpeting,  furniture,  and  seating. 13. Special  Construction  includes such items as pre-engineered structures, integrated ceiling systems, solar   energy   systems,   aquatic   facilities,   and   air supported  structures. 14.  Conveying   Systems   include   dumbwaiters, elevators,  moving  stairs,  material-handling  systems, scaffolding,  and  other  similar  conveying  systems. 2-18