chisels. Other cutting tools are toothing irons and auxiliary   aids,   such   as   calipers,   dividers,   and templates. Turning  gouges  are  used  chiefly  to  rough  out nearly all shapes in spindle turning. The gouge sizes vary from 1/8 to 2 or more inches, with 1/4-, 3/4-, and 1-inch sizes being most common. Skew chisels are used for smoothing cuts to finish a  surface,  turning  beads,  trimming  ends  or  shoulders, and for making V-cuts. They are made in sizes from 1/8 to 2 1/2 inches in width and in right-handed and left-handed  pairs. Parting tools are used to cut recesses or grooves with straight sides and a flat bottom, and also to cut off finished work from the faceplate. These tools are available in sizes ranging from 1/8 to 3/4 inch. Scraping tools of various shapes are used for the most   accurate   turning   work,   especially   for   most faceplate turning. A few of the more common] y used shapes   are   illustrated   in   views   D,   E,   and   F   of figure  3-6.  The  chisels  shown  in  views  B,  E,  and  F are  actually  old  jointer  blades  that  have  been  ground to  the  required  shape;  the  wood  handles  for  these homemade chisels are not shown in the illustration. A   toothing   iron   (figure   3-7)   is   basically   a square-nose turning chisel with a series of parallel grooves  cut  into  the  top  surface  of  the  iron.  These turning tools we used for rough turning of segment work  mounted  on  the  face  plate.  The  points  of  the toothing  iron  created  by  the  parallel  grooves  serve  as a series of spear point chisels (detail A); therefore, the tool is not likely to catch and dig into the work like a square-nose  turning  chisel.  The  toothing  iron  is  made with course, medium, and fine parallel grooves and varies from 1/2 to 2 inches in width. Lathe turning can be extremely dangerous. You therefore  must  use  particular  care  in  this  work. Observe  the  following  safety  precautions: When starting the lathe motor, stand to one side. This helps you avoid the hazard of flying debris in the event of defective material. Figure  3-7.—Toothing  iron  lathe  tool. The tool rest must be used when milling stock. Adjust and set the compound or tool rest for the start of the cut before turning the switch on. Take  very  light  cuts,  especially  when  using hand  tools. Never attempt to surfaces  while  the Jointer use calipers on interrupted work is in motion. The jointer is a machine for power planing stock on faces, edges, and ends. The planing is done by a revolving  butterhead  equipped  with  two  or  more knives,  as  shown  in  figure  3-8.  Tightening  the  set screws forces the throat piece against the knife for holding  the  knife  in  position.  Loosening  the  set screws releases the knife for removal. The size of a jointer is designated by the width, in inches, of the butterhead; sizes range from 4 to 36 inches. A 6-inch jointer is shown in figure 3-9. The  principle  on  which  the  jointer  functions  is illustrated in figure 3-10. The table consists of two parts on either side of the butterhead. The stock is started on the infeed table and fed past the butterhead onto  the  outfeed  table.  The  surface  of  the  outfeed table  must  be  exactly  level  with  the  highest  point reached by the knife edges. The surface of the infeed table is depressed below the surface of the outfeed Figure  3-8.—Four-knife  butterhead  for  a  jointer. 3-8