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Figure 4-20.—Cluster-mounted bank of transformers. | Up
Construction Electrician Intermediate - Electricity handbook for electricians | Next
Table 4-2.—Power Factor of Various Types of Electrical Equipment |
Figure 4-23.—Three single-phase distribution transformers
connected delta-wye.
standard secondary system three-phase voltages are
208Y/120, 240, 480Y/277, and 480 volts.
If one of the transformers from a delta connected
bank is removed, the remaining two are said to be open-
delta-connected. With one transformer removed, the
remaining two transformers will still transform the
voltages in all three phases and supply power to all three
phases of the secondary mains. The proper connections,
using two transformers to obtain three-phase service,
for a delta primary circuit are shown in figure 4-24. The
capacity of the two transformers is now, however, only
58 percent instead of 66 2/3 percent of what it would
appear to be with two transformers.
The open-delta connection is often used where an
increase in load is anticipated. The third unit is added
when the load grows to the point at which it exceeds the
capacity of the two transformers. Furthermore, if one
transformer of the three-phase bank should become
defective, the defective transformer can be removed
and the remaining two transformers continue to render
service to at least part of the load.
Capacitors
Power capacitors are used in distribution systems
to supply reactive voltamperes (Vars) to the system.
When applied to a system or circuit having a lagging
power factor, you can obtain several beneficial results.
These results include power factor increase, voltage
increase, system loss reduction, and an increase of
electric system capacity.
POWER FACTOR.—When an alternating
voltage and the current, which it causes to flow, rise
Figure 4-24.—Two single-phase transformers connected
open-delta.
and fall in value together in the same direction at the
same instant, the two are said to be "in phase," and the
power factor is unity or 1.0. This condition is shown in
figure 4-25.
The current and voltage waves are not in phase in
most cases. They do not rise and fall in value together,
nor do they have the same direction at the same instant;
but instead, the current usually lags behind the voltage.
Figure 4-26 shows the usual condition in transmission
Figure 4-25.—Voltage and current waves are in phase;
power factor is unity.
Figure 4-26.—Current wave lagging behind the voltage wave,
usual condition in transmission and distribution systems.
4-15
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