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Page Title: TREATMENT OF SNAKEBITES
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Symptoms of Shock
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CARE OF WOUNDS

juices,  or  sugar  water  maybe  given  if  the  casualty is   conscious   and   able   to   swallow,   if   he   has   no internal   injuries,   and   if   vomiting   is   no   problem. One   final   precaution   must   be   given   concern- ing   the   use   of   liquids:   NEVER   GIVE   ALCOHOL TO   A   PERSON   IN   SHOCK   OR   WHO   MAY GO   INTO   SHOCK.   Alcohol   increases   the   blood supply   to   surface   vessels   and   so   diminishes   the blood   supply   to   the   brain   and   other   vital   organs. Heat   is   important   in   the   treatment   of   shock to   the   extent   that   the   injured   person’s   body   heat must   be   conserved.   Exposure   to   cold,   with resulting   loss   of   body   heat,   can   cause   shock   to develop   or   to   become   worse.   You   will   have   to judge  the  amount  of  covering  to  use  by  consider- ing   the   weather   and   the   general   circumstances   of the  accident.  Often  alight  covering  will  be  enough to   keep   the   casualty   comfortable.   Wet   clothing should   be   removed   and   dry   covering   provided, even   on   a   hot   day.   Use   blankets   or   any   dry material  to  conserve  body  heat.  Artificial  means of   warming   (for   example,   hot-water   bottles, heated   bricks,   or   heated   sand)   should   not   be ordinarily   used.   Artificial   heat   may   cause   the   loss of   body   fluids   (by   sweating),   and   it   brings   the blood   closer   to   the   surface,   thus   defeating   the body’s  own  efforts  to  supply  blood  to  the  vital organs   and   to   the   brain.   Also,   the   warming   agent m a y    b u r n    t h e    v i c t i m .    K E E P    A N    I N J U R ED PERSON   WARM   ENOUGH   FOR   COMFORT, BUT   DO   NOT   OVERHEAT   HIM. The  best  position  to  use  for  the  prevention  or treatment   of   shock   is   one   that   encourages   the   flow of   blood   to   the   brain.   If   it   is   possible   to   place   the injured   person   on   his   back   on   a   bed,   cot,   or stretcher,   you   can   raise   the   lower   end   of   the support   about   12   inches   so   that   his   feet   will   be higher   than   his   head.   If   the   circumstances   of   the accident  make  it  impossible  to  do  this,  it  might still  be  possible  for  you  to  raise  his  feet  and  legs enough   to   help   the   blood   flow   to   the   brain. Sometimes  it  is  possible  to  take  advantage  of  a natural  slope  of  ground  and  place  the  casualty  so that  his  head  is  lower  than  his  feet. In   every   case,   of   course,   you   will   have   to consider   what   type   of   injury   is   present   before   you can  decide  on  the  best  position.  For  example,  a person   with   a   chest   wound   may   have   so   much trouble   breathing   that   you   will   have   to   raise   his head   slightly.   If   the   face   is   flushed   rather   than pale,   or   if   you   have   any   reason   to   suspect   head injury,   do   not   raise   the   feet.   Rather,   you   should keep   the   head   level   with   or   slightly   higher   than the  feet.  If  the  person  has  broken  bones,  you  will have   to   judge   what   position   would   be   best   both 5-40 for  the  fractures  and  for  shock.  A  fractured  spine must   be   immobilized   before   the   victim   is   moved at   all,   if   further   injuries   are   to   be   avoided.   If   you have   any   doubts   about   the   correct   position   to   use, have  the  victim  lie  flat  on  his  back.  THE  BASIC POSITION   FOR   TREATING   SHOCK   IS   ONE IN   WHICH   THE   HEAD   IS   LOWER   THAN THE   FEET.   Do   the   best   you   can,   under   the particular   circumstances,   to   get   the   injured person  into  this  position.  In  any  case,  never  let a   seriously   injured   person   sit,   stand,   or   walk around. Distinguishing Characteristics of   Poisonous   Snakes The   first   step   to   treating   a   snakebite   is   to determine   whether   the   snake   is   poisonous.   Many h a r m l e s s    s n a k e s    b i t e    i n    s e l f - d e f e n s e . Distinguishing   characteristics   that   help   to   deter- mine   if   the   snake   is   poisonous   follow: VIPERS.—  The   viper   has   two   long,   folding fangs   at   the   front   of   the   upper   jaw.   A   pit   viper also   has   a   small,   deep   pit   between   the   eyes   and the   nostrils,   slit-like   pupils   of   the   eyes,   and   a   flat, triangular   head;   the   scales   behind   the   anus   are   in one   piece.   Rattlesnakes,   copperheads,   and   moc- casins   are   pit   vipers;   all   vipers   are   poisonous. CORALS.—     The  coral  snake  has  a  black  nose and   brightly   colored   bands   of   either   red,   black, and   yellow   or   red,   black,   and   white.   On   coral snakes   the   black   and   red   are   separated   by   yellow or  white;  on  the  nonpoisonous  (false  coral)  snake, the  yellow  and  red  are  separated  by  black.  It  has short,   grooved   fangs   and   must   chew   into   its victim   before   the   poison   can   be   injected.   The   coral snake   is   related   to   the   cobra   and   the   krait. COBRAS.—  The   combat   attitude   of   the   cobra is   with   the   forepart   of   the   body   raised   vertically and   the   head   tilted   sharply   forward.   Usually   the neck   is   flattened   to   form   a   hood.   These   snakes are   very   poisonous   and   should   be   avoided. Adders  are  related  to  the  cobra  and  can  be  found throughout   the   continental   United   States. TREATMENT   OF   SNAKEBITES.—   Prompt a c t i o n    t o    r e d u c e    t h e    e f f e c t s    o f    p o i s o n o us snakebites  is  essential.  The  following  is  a  step-by- step   treatment   for   snakebites: 1.   Avoid   undue   exertion.   If   circumstances allow   it,   lie   down   and   remain   quiet.   A   snug

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