TM-9-8000 Principles of Automotive Vehicles Manual

Click here to make tpub.com your Home Page

Page Title: TM-9-8000

Click here for thousands of PDF manuals

Web
www.tpub.com

Home

Information Categories

....

Administration
Advancement
Aerographer
Automotive
Aviation
Construction
Diving
Draftsman
Engineering
Electronics
Food and Cooking
Logistics
Math
Medical
Music
Nuclear Fundamentals
Photography
Religion

TM-9-8000

PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES
TECHNICAL MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF TABLES
PART ONE. INTRODUCTION
Section III. HISTORY OF MILITARY VEHICLES
Section V. MILITARY VEHICLE CATEGORIES
Section VI. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
PART TWO. ENGINES
Figure 2-2.Piston Engine Operation.
Figure 2-4. Piston to Crankshaft Relationship
Intake Stroke
Figure 2-8. Four Stroke Cycle Operation.
Figure 2-9 . Valve Train Operation .
Engine Accessory Systems.
Section II. COMPARISON OF ENGINE TYPES
Figure 2-14. The Two-Stroke Cycle.
Gasoline Engine Versus Diesel Engine.
Exhaust
Figure 2-17. Comparison of Gasoline and Diesel Engine Intake Strokes.
Figure 2-19. Four Stroke Cycle Diesel.
Figure 2-20. Multifuel Engine.
Two-Stroke Cycle Diesel
Disadvantages.
Multicylinder Engine Versus Single- Cylinder Engine.
Figure 2-24. Measuring Crankshaft Rotation
Figure 2-26. Power Delivery in One-, Four-, Six-, and Eight-Cylinder Engines
Figure 2-27. The Rotary Engine
Figure 2-28. Figure 2-29 . Speed Relationship of Rotor to Eccentric Shaft .
Section III. CLASSIFICATION OF PISTON ENGINES
Figure 2-32. Typical Liquid-Cooled Arrangement
Valves in the Cylinder Head
Classification by Cylinder Arrangement.
Figure 2-40. F-Head Engine
Section IV. ENGINE MEASUREMENTS
Vacuum In Cylinder on Intake Stroke.
Figure 2-44. Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level
Increasing Volumetric Efficiency
Figure 2-47. Fresh Air Intake System
Figure 2-49. Figure 2-50. Increasing Compression Ratio.
Figure 2-51. Ignition Timing
Valve Timing.
Figure 2-54. Valve Opening Duration
Figure 2-55. Valve Timing Diagram Showing Valve Overlap
Section VI. ENGINE OUTPUT
Figure 2-58. Forms of Energy.
Figure 2-60. Torque Effect.
Figure 2-62. Dynamometers.
Figure 2-63. Conversion of Torque to Work.
Section VII. ENGINE EFFICIENCY
Mechanical Efficiency
Overall Efficiency
Chapter 3. CONVENTIONAL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION
Figure 3-2. Requirements of a Cylinder.
Figure 3-3. Cylinder Sleeves.
Figure 3-5. Typical Cylinder Head Installation.
Figure 3-6. Combustion Chambers.
Figure 3-8. Cylinder Head Cooling.
Figure 3-10. Air-Cooled Cylinder.
Section II. ROTATING AND RECIPROCATING PARTS
Figure 3-13. Controlling Piston Expansion.
Figure 3-15. Full and Partial-Skirted Pistons.
Figure 3-15. Full and Partial-Skirted Pistons.
Figure 3-19. Configurations of Piston Rings.
Figure 3-20. Types of Compression Rings.
Figure 3-21. Operation of Compression Rings.
Figure 3-22. Heat Dam.
Figure 3-26. Top Ring Groove Insert.
Crankshaft.
Figure 3-30. Piston Pin.
Figure 3-32. Piston Pin Configurations.
Figure 3-34. Crankshaft Construction.
Figure 3-35. Crankshaft throw Arrangements.
Figure 3-36. Crankshaft Counterweights.
Figure 3-37. Figure 3-38. Crankshaft Lubrication Passages.
Figure 3-39. Figure 3-40. Typical Insert Bearing Installation.
Figure 3-41. Bearing Materials.
Figure 3-44. Crankshaft Main Bearings.
Section III. 3-12. Valves and Seats.
Figure 3-47. Exhaust Valve Configurations.
Figure 3-49. Valve Guides.
Figure 3-51. Valve Rotators.
Figure 3-53. Driving the Camshaft.
Figure 3-55. Mechanical Tappets.
Figure 3-56. Hydraulic Tappets.
Figure 3-58. Push Rod.
Figure 3-60. Examples of Adjusting Valve Clearance.
Chapter 4. GASOLINE FUEL SYSTEMS
Fuel Filters.
Fuel Filter Configurations
Fuel Pumps.
Figure 4-8. Fuel Filter Element Configurations.
Figure 4-9. Mechanical Nonpositive Pump.
Figure 4-10. Mechanical Positive Pump Installation.
Figure 4-12. Bellows-Type Electric Fuel Pump.
Intake Manifold.
Figure 4-15. Ram Induction Manifold
Figure 4-17. Water Heated Intake Manifold
Figure 4-18. Air Filter.
Section II. Principles of Carburetion
Figure 4-21. Example of Atomization
Section III CONSTRUCTION OF THE BASIC CARBURETOR
Figure 4-26. Float Circuit.
Section IV. SYSTEMS OF THE CARBURETOR
Figure 4-29. Idle and Low-Speed Systems.
Figure 4-30. High Speed Systems.
Figure 4-32. Vacuum-Operated Metering Rod.
Accelerator Pump Circuit.
Figure 4-35. Diaphragm Accelerator Pump.
Figure 4-36. Duration Spring.
Figure 4-37. Choke Valve Operation.
Figure 4-39. Automatic Choke System.
Figure 4-41. Engine Coolant Heated Choke.
Figure 4-43. Exhaust Heat-Tube Type Choke.
Figure 4-46. Remote Choke Pulloff.
Figure 4-48. Fast Idle Cam Operation.
Figure 4-50. Two Barrel Carburetor with Fixed Linkage.
Figure 4-51. Mechanical Progressive Linkage Operation.
Figure 4-52. Vacuum Progressive Linkage Operation.
Figure 4-53. Secondary Air Valve Operation.
Figure 4-55 Updraft, Downdraft and Sidedraft Carburetors
Figure 4-57. Degasser System.
Accessory Systems
Air-conditioning Solenoid
Heated Air Intake System
Figure 4-62. Heated Air Intake System Operation.
Section V. FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS
Figure 4-63. Mechanical-Timed Injection.
Figure 4-64. Electronic-Timed Injection.
Figure 4-65. Continuous Injection.
Figure 4-66. Throttle Body Injection.
Section VI. TURBOCHARGERS AND SUPERCHARGERS
Figure 4-67. Turbocharger
Figure 4-68. Centrifugal Supercharger.
Figure 4-71. Pressure Box.
Figure 4-72. Centrifugal Governor.
Figure 4-73. Velocity-Vacuum Governor-Type I.
Figure 4-74. Velocity-Vacuum Governor-Type II
Section VIII. CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE
Crankcase Dilution
Octane Rating.
Other Causes for Knocking.
Chapter 5. DIESEL FUEL SYSTEMS
Multifuel Engine Authorized Fuels
Figure 5-1. Fuel Density Compensator.
Open Chamber
Figure 5-3. Precombustion Chamber.
Figure 5-5. Spherical Chamber.
Operation of the chamber
Section III. 5-13. Fuel Injection Principles.
Figure 5-6. General System Operation.
Figure 5-7. Multiple Unit Injection Pump.
Figure 5-8. Multiple Unit Injector.
Injector Nozzles
Figure 5-9. Injector Nozzles.
Wobble Plate Pump System
Figure 5-10. Wobble Plate Injection Pump.
Distributor-Type Injection System.
Figure 5-11. Distributor Injection System.
Figure 5-12. & Figure 5-13. Distributor-Type Unit Injectors.
Figure 5-14. Unit Injection System.
Figure 5-15. Unit Injector Operation
Pressure-Timed (PT) Injection System.
Figure 5-16. Pressure-Timed Injection System.
Figure 5-17. Pressure-Times Gear Pump.
Figure 5-18. Pressure-Timed Delivery Injector Operation.
PSB Distributor lnjection System.
Figure 5-20. PSB Injection Pump.
Figure 5-21. PSB Injection Pump Operation.
Section IV. FUEL SUPPLY PUMPS
Figure 5-22. Plunger-Type Supply Pump.
Section V. GOVERNORS
Figure 5-23. Mechanical (Centrifugal) Governor.
Figure 5-24. Vacuum Operated Governor.
Figure 5-25. Timing Device.
Figure 5-26. Timing Device Operation.
Section VII. COLD WEATHER STARTING AIDS
Figure 5-27. Manifold Flame Heater System.
Section VIII. FUEL FILTERS
Figure 5-29. Primary Fuel Filter.
Section IX. ENGINE RETARDER SYSTEM
Figure 5-31. Jacobs Engine Break
Chapter 6. PROPANE FUEL SYSTEMS
Chapter 7. EXHAUST AND EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS
Figure 7-2. Exhaust Manifold
Figure 7-3. Manifold Heat Control Valve
Figure 7-4. Muffler
Figure 7-6. Draft Tube System.
Figure 7-7. PCV System
Catalytic Converters
Figure 7-8. Catalytic Converter
Special Considerations.
Figure 7-9. Air Pump System
Figure 7-10. Naturally Aspirated System.
Figure 7-11. EGR System.
Fuel Evaporation Control System
Figure 7-12. Fuel Evaporation System.
Chapter 8. LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Section II. ENGINE OILS
Figure 8-2. How Oil Lubricates
Figure 8-3. Sources of Oil Contamination
VISCOSITY AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS.
Figure 8-4. & Figure 8-5. Gear-Type Oil Pump.
SECTION III. OIL PUMPS
Figure 8-6. Oil Pickup and Strainer
Figure 8-7. Oil Filters.
Figure 8-8. Oil Filtering Mediums
Figure 8-9. Filter System Configurations.
Figure 8-10. Figure 8-11. Figure 8-12.
Section IV. TYPES OF LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
Figure 8-15. Combination Splash and Force-Feed Lubrication System
Full Force-Feed Lubrication System
Chapter 9. ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS
Figure 9-1. Liquid Cooled System
Figure 9-2. Engine Radiator Construction
Figure 9-3. Water Pump Construction
Figure 9-4. Viscous Fan Clutch
Figure 9-6. Variable Pitch Fan
Figure 9-7. Bellows Type Thermostat
Figure 9-8. Pellet Type Thermostat
Figure 9-9. Coolant Bypass
Figure 9-10. Pressure Cap
Figure 9-12. Closed Cooling System
Figure 9-13. Air Cooling System
Chapter 10. GAS TURBINE ENGINES
Branca's Stamping Mill
Figure 10-2. Theory of Gas Turbine Engine
Section II. COMPARISON TO PISTON ENGINE
Figure 10-4. The Otto Cycle
Figure 10-5. The Brayton Cycle
Figure 10-6. Air Inlet Section
Figure 10-7. Axial Compressor
Figure 10-8. Centrifugal Compressor
Figure 10-9. Combustion Chamber
Figure 10-10. Typical Recouperator
Figure 10-11. & Figure 10-12. Radial Inflow Turbine
Figure 10-13. Axial Flow Design
Figure 10-16. Impulse-Reaction Turbine Blade.
Section IV. FUEL SYSTEM
Figure 10-19. Fuel Injection Nozzles
Lubrication System Components.
Figure 10-21. Typical Fuel-Oil Cooler
Figure 10-22. Typical Ignition System.
PART THREE. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND RELATED UNITS
Composition of Electricity
Figure 11-2. Composition of Electricity.
Section II. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Figure 11-4. Covalent Bonding OF Silicon.
Figure 11-6. Boron-Doped Silicon.
Figure 11-8. Diode Operation.
Figure 11-9. & Figure 11-10. Transistor Configurations.
Figure 11-11. Transistor Operation.
Section III. 11-9. Amperage(Current) and Voltage.
Figure 11-12. Basic Electrical Circuit.
Figure 11-13. Typical Automotive Circuit.
Figure 11-14. Circuit Configurations.
Bar and Horseshoe Magnets
Figure 11-18. Electromagnetism.
Figure 11-20. Electromagnetism in a Wire Coil.
Figure 11-22. Electromagnetic Induction.
CHAPTER 12. BATTERIES
Figure 12-3. Cell Group Construction.
Figure 12-4. Battery Cell Elements.
Figure 12-5. Battery Container Construction.
Figure 12-6. Battery Discharge/Charge Cycle.
Section III. TYPES OF BATTERIES
Construction.
Table 12-1. Lead-Acid Vs Nickel-Cadmium Batteries.
Figure 12-7. Comparison of Discharge Characteristics.
Battery Installation Configurations
Figure 12-8. Battery Installation Configurations.
Chapter 13. CHARGING SYSTEMS
Figure 13-1. & Figure 13-2. Multiple -Loop Generator.
AC and DC Current Flow.
Figure 13-4. Field Winding Configurations.
Figure 13-5. Shunt-Wound Generator.
Figure 13-7. Generator Drive Systems.
Figure 13-8. Cutout Relay.
Reverse-Series Field Generator
Figure 13-10. Vibrating Point Voltage Regulator.
Voltage Regulation.
Figure 13-11. Vibrating Point Regulator Circuit.
Carbon-Pile Regulator
Third-Brush Regulation
Control of Third-Brush Generator
Step-Voltage Control.
Figure 13-15. Thermostatic Control of Third-Brush Generator.
Figure 13-16. Thermostatic Control of Third-Brush Generator.
Paralleling Generators.
Figure 13-18. Main and Auxiliary Generators.
Differential-Voltage-and-Reverse-Current Relay.
Figure 13-19. Paralleling Relays.
Figure 13-20. Carbon-Pile Regulation of Generators.
Figure 13-21. Typical Alternator.
Figure 13-22. Diode Arrangement Rectifier Bridge.
Figure 13-22. Diode Arrangement Rectifier Bridge.
Figure 13-25. Rotor Construction.
Figure 13-27. Rotor-to-Stator Relationship.
Figure 13-29. Rotor-to-Stator Relationship.
Figure 13-30. Lundell Inductor.
Figure 13-31. Inductor Alternator
Figure 13-32. Brushless-Rotating Rectifier
Figure 13-33. Generator Cooling.
AC Generator Regulation
Figure 13-35. Vibrating Point Regulating Circuit
Figure 13-36. Transistorized Voltage Regulator
Figure 13-37. & Figure 13-38. Fuel Pressure Field Switch Circuit
Figure 13-39. Field Relay and Warning Light Circuit.
Chapter 14. STARTING SYSTEMS
Automotive Starting Motor.
Figure 14-3. Typical Starting Motor
Figure 14-4. & Figure 14-5. Starter Drives.
Figure 14-6. Gear Reduction Starter
Figure 14-8. Pedal Shift Starter
Figure 14-9. Solenoid Shift Lever
Section II. CONTROL SYSTEMS
Figure 14-11. Key and Pushbutton Control Circuits
Figure 14-13. Generator Lockout Relay
Figure 14-14. Oil Pressure Lockout Circuit
Chapter 15. IGNITION SYSTEMS
Figure 15-1. Principles of Self-Induction
Figure 15-2. Capacitor Action.
Ignition System.
Figure 15-4. Ignition Switch and Positions.
Figure 15-6. Ignition Distributor.
Figure 15-7. Typical Spark Plug Construction and Heat Range Descriptions
Figure 15-10. Ballast Resistor
Multiple Contact Distributors.
Figure 15-13. Alternately Actuated Multiple Contacts.
Figure 15-14. Dual-Circuit Contact Points.
Figure 15-15. Twin-Ignition System
Figure 15-16. Transistorized Point Ignition
Figure 15-17. Solid State Ignition System.
Capacitive-Discharge Ignition
Figure 15-19. Vacuum Timing Controls.
Figure 15-20. Centrifugal Timing Controls.
Figure 15-21. Computerized Timing Control System
Figure 15-22. Typical Magneto System.
Figure 15-23. Magneto Generator.
Distributor.
Figure 15-24. Magneto Control System. (Part A)
Figure 15-24. Magneto Control System. (Part B)
Section III. WATERPROOFING IGNITION SYSTEMS
Figure 15-25. Waterproof Ignition System.
Chapter 16. LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Figure 16-2. Lamp Construction and Configuration.
Figure 16-3. Focused Light Beam Construction.
Headlights.
Figure 16-4. Automotive Headlamp Pattern.
Figure 16-5. Automotive Headlamp Configurations
Figure 16-7. Instrument-Mounted Headlamp Switch.
Figure 16-8. Turn Signal Lever-Mounted Headlamp Switch.
Figure 16-9. Blackout Light/Headlamp Switch.
Figure 16-10. Floor-Mounted Dimmer Switch
Section II. BLACKOUT LIGHTING
Section III. COMMERCIAL VEHICLE LIGHTING
Figure 16-18. Typical Turn Signal Switch
Figure 16-20. Turn Signal Flasher
Figure 16-22. Stoplight Switch Configuration
Chapter 17. INSTRUMENTS, GAGES, AND ACCESSORIES
Figure 17-2. Ammeter Operation
Figure 17-4. Low Voltage Warning Lamp
Figure 17-6. Thermostatic Fuel Gage: Self Regulating
Figure 17-7 Thermostatic Fuel Gage: Externally Regulated
Figure 17-8. Thermostatic Fuel Gage: Differential Type
Pressure Gages.
Figure 17-10. Types of Sending Units for Pressure Gages
Figure 17-11. Mechanical Pressure Gages
Speedometers and Tachometers.
Figure 17-14. Mechanical Temperature Gage
Figure 17-16. Mechanical Speedometer Installation
Figure 17-17. Mechanical Speedometer Operation
Figure 17-18. Odometer Operation
Figure 17-20. Electric Speedometer and Tachometer Operation
Vacuum Gage
Figure 17-22. Vacuum Gage Readings
Section II. HORNS
Figure 17-24. & Figure 17-25. Air Horns
Section III. WINDSHIELD WIPES
Figure 17-27. Wiper Arm and Blade
Figure 17-28. Auxillary Power Receptacle
Figure 17-29. Typical Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning System.
Auxiliary Heaters.
Figure 17-32. Vacuum-Operated Mode Doors
Section V. AUTOMOTIVE WIRING
Figure 17-34. Harness Bindings
Wiring Harness Identification
Figure 17-36. Electrical Terminals
Figure 17-37. Wire Receptacles and Connectors
Requirements.
Chapter 18. RADIO INTERFERENCE AND SUPPRESSION
Figure 18-1. Typical Battery Ignition System
Section II. SUPPRESSION
Figure 18-2. Radio Interference Suppression Filters and Cable Shielding
Figure 18-3. Examples of Bonding
Transport Vehicles
PART FOUR. POWER TRAINS
Figure 19-1. Power Takeoff.
Figure 19-2. Power Takeoff Driving Winch
Figure 19-3. Mechanical Advantage.
Figure 19-4. Internal and External Gears.
Figure 19-6. Planetary Gear System
Figure 19-7. Laws of Planetary Gearing
Figure 19-8. Typical Locations of Antifriction Bearings.
Figure 19-9. Typical Ball Bearings
Figure 19-11. Typical Tapered Roller Bearings
Figure 19-12. Typical Needle Bearings.
Figure 19-14. Synthetic rubber Oil Seals
Figure 19-15. Wick Seals
Section III. POWER TRAIN CONFIGURATIONS
Figure 19-17. Typical Front-Wheel Drive Configuration
Figure 19-19. Typical Four-Wheel Drive Power Transmission
Figure 19-21. Typical Eight-Wheel Drive Vehicle
Chapter 20. HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES
Figure 20-2. Pascal's Law.
Figure 20-3. Mechanical Advantage.
Figure 20-5. Rotary Pumps.
Figure 20-6. & Figure 20-7. Internal-External Gear Pump.
Section III.20-8.Construction
Figure 20-8. Simple Hydraulic Jack.
Chapter 21. CLUTCHES, FLUID COUPLINGS, AND TORQUE CONVERTERS
Driven Members.
Figure 21-3. Single, Large Coil Spring Clutch.
Figure 21-4. Cross-Sectional View of Large Coil Spring Clutch.
Figure 21-5. Diaphragm Spring Clutch Operation.
Figure 21-6. & Figure 21-7. Clutch Activation.
Figure 21-8. Mechanical Operating Systems.
Figure 21-9. Hydraulic Operating Systems.
Figure 21-10. Simple Dry Plate Clutch.
Figure 21-11. Clutch Disk With Two Driven Disks.
Figure 21-12. Multiple-Disk Clutch.
Figure 21-13. Semicentrifugal Clutch - Cross Sectional View.
Figure 21-14. Fluid Coupling - Disassembled View.
Figure 21-15. Fluid Coupling - Schematic View.
Operation.
Figure 21-17. Torque Converter Cutaway so Curvature of Vanes and Oil Flow is Visible.
Figure 21-18. Primary and Secondary Stators Showing Freewheeling Rotors.
Figure 21-19. Torque Converter with Lockup Clutch.
Chapter 22. CONVENTIONAL TRANSMISSIONS
Figure 22-1 Transmission Shifting Mechanism and Control Lever.
Figure 22-2. Transmission Gears in Neural Position.
Figure 22-3. Transmission Gears in Low Position.
Figure 22-5. Transmission in High Position.
Section IV. CONSTANT MESH TRANSMISSION
Figure 22-7. Constant Mesh Transmission Assembly.
Figure 22-8. Main shaft Assembly
Figure 22-10. Synchromesh Transmission.
Figure 22-11. Gearshift Linkage.
Chapter 23. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS
Section II. DRIVE TRAIN MECHANISMS
Figure 23-3. Multiple-Disk Clutch Operation.
Figure 23-4. Brake Band.
Figure 23-5. & Figure 23-6. Overrunning Clutches.
Compound Planetary Drive Train.
Figure 23-8. Compound Planetary Drive Train Operation.
Simpson Drive Train.
Figure 23-9. Simpson Drive Train Operation. (Part A)
Figure 23-9. Simpson Drive Train Operation. (Part B)
Drive-Low
Section IV. SYSTEM HYDRAULIC
Figure 23-11. Typical Transmission Hydraulic Pump.
Converter Feed Circuit
Figure 23-12. Typical Torque Converter Feed Circuit.
Range Control System
Figure 23-13. Typical Range Control Circuit.
Figure 23-14. Manual Valve Operation
Figure 23-15. Operation of the Governor.
Figure 23-16. & Figure 23-17. Shift Valve.
Figure 23-18. Transmission Hydraulic System in Neutral.
Figure 23-19. Transmission Hydraulic System in Low (L) Range.
Figure 23-20. Transmission Hydraulic in Reverse (R).
Auxiliary Devices
Figure 23-21. Transmission Hydraulic System in Drive (D)-Low Range.
Figure 23-22. Transmission Hydraulic System in Drive (D)- Direct Range
Figure 23-23. Transmission Hydraulic System in Drive (D)- Forced Downshift Range
Figure 23-24. Operation of the Accumulator
Figure 23-25. Transmission Modulator
Figure 23-26. Hydraulic Schematic of a Typical Three Speed Automatic Transmission
Chapter 24. CROSS-DRIVE TRANSMISSION
Figure 24-1. Cross Drive Transmission- Right Front View
Figure 24-2. Cross Drive Transmission-Disassembled into Main Subassemblies
Figure 24-3. Torque Converter Construction and Principles of Operation
Figure 24-4. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in Low Range. (Part A)
Steering.
Figure 24.5 Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in High Range. (Part A)
Figure 24-5. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in High Range (Part B)
Figure 24-6. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in Reverse Range.(Part A)
Figure 24-6. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in Reverse Range
Figure 24-7. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Neutral Range
Figure 24-7 Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Neutral Range
Figure 24-7. Power Flow through Cross Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Neutral Range (Part C)
Figure 24-8. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Right Steering in Neutral Range
Figure 24-8. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Right Steering in Neutral Range (Part B)
Figure 24-8 Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Right Steering in Neutral Range (Part C)
Figure 24-9. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Low Range
Figure 24-9. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Low Range
Figure 24-9. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Low Range (Part C)
Figure 24-10. Range Control Valve and Steering Control Valve Schematic Diagram
Figure 24-11. Brake-Schematic View
Chapter 25. X1100 SERIES CROSS-DRIVE TRANSMISSION
Figure 25-1. X1100 Transmission-External View
Figure 25-2. X1100 Transmission - Internal
Figure 25-4. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Neutral
Figure 25-5. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in First Range
Figure 25-6. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Second Range
Figure 25-7. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Third Range
Figure 25-8. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Fourth Range.
Figure 25-9. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Reverse 1 Range.
Figure 25-10. & Figure 25-11. Hydrostatic Steer Unit-Zero Steer
Figure 25-12. Hydraulic Diagram for X1100 Transmission-Zero Steer
Figure 25-13. Hydrostatic Steer Unit in Left-Steer Position.
Figure 25-15. Final Drive Assembly
Chapter 26. AUXILIARY TRANSMISSIONS, SUBTRANSMISSIONS, AND OVERDRIVES
Figure 26-2. Auxiliary Transmission - Sectional View.
Section III. OVERDRIVES
Unit Construction
Overdrive Control System.
Figure 26-6. Overdrive in Engaged Position.
Figure 26-7. Typical Overdrive Control Circuit.
Chapter 27. TRANSFER ASSEMBLIES
Figure 27-2. Typical Conventional Transfer Assembly for 6X6 Vehicles
Figure 27-4. Power Flow in Transfer Assembly, (Part A)
Section III. DEFFERENTIAL-TYPE TRANSFER ASSEMBLIES
Figure 27-5. Differential-Type Transfer Assembly.
Section IV. POSITIVE TRACTION TRANSFER CASE
Figure 27-6. Transfer Assembly Sprag Unit.
Figure 27-7. Positive Traction Transfer Case Operation.
Figure 27-8. Air-Control diagram of Transmission and Transfer Assembly using an Air-Controlled Double-Sprag Unit
Air-Operated Shifter Operation
Chapter 28. PROPELLER SHAFTS, SLIP JOINTS, AND UNIVERSAL JOINTS
Section II. CONVENTIONAL UNIVERSAL JOINTS
Figure 28-3. Speed Fluctuations Caused by Conventional Universal Joints.
Figure 28-4. Various Conventional Universal Joints.
Section III. CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS
Figure 28-5. Rzeppa Constant Velocity Joint
Figure 28-6. Bendix-Weiss Constant Velocity Joint.
Figure 28-7. Tracta Constant Velocity Joint.
Figure 28-8. Double Cross and Roller Constant Velocity Joint.
Chapter 29. DIFFERENTIALS, FINAL DRIVES, AND DRIVING AXLES
Figure 29-2. Conventional Driveshaft.
Figure 29-3. Comparison of Conventional and High-Traction Differential Gears.
Figure 29-4. Sprag-Type No-Spin Differential.
Clutch-Type No-Spin Differential.
Figure 29-6. Multiple Plate Clutch No-Spin Differential.
Figure 29-7. Cone Clutch-Type No-Spin Differential.
Figure 29-8. Gear Drive Configurations.
Figure 29-9. Worm Gear Drive.
Live Axle Configurations.
Figure 29-11. Axle Configurations.
Figure 29-12. Independent Live Axle Suspention.
Figure 29-13. Double Reduction Drive Axle.
Figure 29-14. Dual-Ratio Drive Axle.
Figure 29-15. Double-Reduction Dual-Ratio Drive Axle.
Figure 29-16. Gear Carrier with Power Divider.
Front Wheel(Steerable) LiveAxle.
Figure 29-17. Front Live Axle Assembly and Four-Wheel Drive Installation.
Figure 29-18. Hellical Gear Drive for Steerable Wheels.
Figure 29-19. Tandem Axles with Individual Propeller Shafts.
Figure 29-20. Tandem Axles with Power Divider.
Section IV. CONTROLLED DIFFERENTIAL
Figure 29-22. Controlled Differential with Final Drive.
Section V. WHEEL VEHICLE PERFORMANCE
Drawbar Pull.
PART FIVE. CHASSIS COMPONENTS
Figure 30-2. Coil Springs.
Section II. SOLID AXLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS
Figure 30-5. Torque Tube Drive.
Figure 30-7. Coil Spring and Control Rod Drive.
Section III. INDEPENDENT AXLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS
Figure 30-9. Freewheeling Independent Suspension.
Figure 30-11. Driven Parallel Wishbone Torsion Bar Suspension.
Section IV. HEAVY VEHICLE SUSPENSION
Figure 30-14. Auxiliary Spring Suspension.
Figure 30-15. Variable Load Spring Arrangement.
Section V. AIR-OVER-HYDRAULIC SUSPENSION
Figure 30-18. Pressure Regulator Valve.
Section VI. SHOCK ABSORBERS
Figure 30-21. Single-Acting Cam-Operated Shock Absorber.
Figure 30-23. Direct-Acting Shock Absorber.
Figure 30-24. Pusher Axle and Controls.
Chapter 31. SUSPENSION SYSTEMS IN TRACKED VEHICLES
Figure 31-1. The Volute Spring.
Figure 31-3. Road Wheels.
Figure 31-4. Idler Wheel Operation.
Section II. CONFIGURATIONS
Hydromechanical Lockout System.
Section IV. SPADE SYSTEM
WHEELS, TIRES, AND TRACKS
Section II. WHEEL RIMS
Figure 32-6. Safety Rim
Section III. BEAD LOCKS AND BEAD CLIPS
Section IV. TIRES
Figure 32-11. Bias-Ply Tire Construction
Types of Treads.
Figure 32-16. Regular Treads.
Section V. TUBES
Figure 32-21. Bullet Resisting Tube
Figure 32-24. All-Metal-Stem Cured-On Valve
Figure 32-27. Snap-In Tubeless Tire Valve
Section VI. TRACKS
Figure 32-31. Double-Pin Tracks.
Figure 32-32. Single-Pin Tracks.
STEERING SYSTEMS AND WHEEL ALINEMENT
Figure 33-2. Fifth-Wheel Steering
Figure 33-3. Solid Axle Suspension.
Figure 33-4. Center Steering Linkage.
Figure 33-6. Rack and Pinion Steering Linkage.
Section II. 33-4.Worm andSectorType
Figure 33-9. Cam and Lever Steering Gear
Section III. POWER STEERING - HYDRAULIC TYPE
Figure 33-12. Typical Power Steering Pump.
Figure 33-13. Control Valve
Figure 33-14. Power Steering Gearbox
Figure 33-15. Hydraulic Cylinder.
Figure 33-16. Configurations of Power Steering Systems
Figure 33-17. Air Steering
Section V. FOUR-WHEEL DRIVING AND STEERING
Figure 33-18. & Figure 33-19. Four Wheel Steering
Section VI. WHEEL ALINEMENT PRINCIPLES
Figure 33-21. Caster Angle
Figure 33-22. Kingpin inclination
Figure 33-24. Toe-in
Figure 33-25. Tracking
Chapter 34. BRAKING SYSTEMS
Vehicle Stopping Distance
Figure 34-4. Action During Wheel Rolling and Skidding
Section II. DRUM BRAKE MECHANISMS
Figure 34-6. Brakeshoes and Brake Lining
Figure 34-7. Brakedrum Construction
Operation
Figure 34-8. Self-Engergizing and Servo Action
Figure 34-9. Drum Brake Configurations.
Figure 34-10. Self-Adjusting Mechanisms
Section III. DISK BRAKE MECHANISMS
Figure 34-11. Disk Brake Assembly
Floating Caliper
Figure 34-12. Floating Caliper
Figure 34-13. Fixed Multipiston Calipers
Self-Energizing Disk Brakes
Figure 34-14. Self-Energizing Disk Brakes
Section IV. 34-17.ContractingTransmissionBrake
Figure 34-16. Disk Transmission Brake
Figure 34-17. Parking Brake Configurations
Section V. MECHANICAL BRAKE SYSTEM
Figure 34-18. Mechanical Brake System.
Section VI. HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM
Figure 34-19. Principles of the Hydraulic System.
Figure 34-20. Diagram of Hydraulic Brake System.
Figure 34-21. Master Cylinder and Components.
Figure 34-22. Wheel Cylinder Configurations.
Hill Holder
Section VII. POWER BRAKING SYSTEMS
Figure 34-24. Power Booster and Operation.
Figure 34-25. Tandem-Type Booster.
Figure 34-27. Bellows-Type Booster.
Section VIII. AIRBRAKE SYSTEM
Figure 34-31. Typical Airbrake System.
Figure 34-32. Typical Air Compressor, Two-Cylinder.
Figure 34-33. Typical Air Compressor, Three-Cylinder.
Figure 34-34. Governor.
Figure 34-36. Brake Chamber.
Figure 34-39. Slack Adjuster - Partial View.
Figure 34-40. Air-Over-Hydraulic Brake System.
Section X. VACUUM-OVER-HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Figure 34-41. Vacuum-Over-Hydraulic Brake System - Released.
Figure 34-42. Vacuum-Over-Hydraulic Brake System - Applied.
Figure 34-43. Electric Brake System.
Operation
PART SIX. HULLS, BODIES, AND FRAMES
Figure 35-2. Integrated Frame and Body.
Figure 35-3. Truck Frame (Ladder).
Section II. TRACKED VEHICLES
Figure 35-4. & Figure 35-5. Unarmored Hulls
Chapter 36. ACCESSORIES
Figure 36-2. 36-5. Transfer Case Power Takeoff
Figure 36-3. Single-Speed, Single-Gear Power Takeoff Installation.
Section II. WINCHES
Figure 36-6. Jaw-Clutch Worm-Gear Winch.
Figure 36-7. Location of Central Tire-Pressure Control System Components.
Figure 36-8. 2 1/2 Ton 6x6 Gasoline Tank Truck.
Figure 36-10. Location of Portable Pump and Hose in Tank Semitrailer.
Section V. DUMP TRUCK MECHANISMS
Figure 36-13. Dump Body - Raised.
Figure 36-15. Dump Body Control Lever (Driver's Seat Removed).
Figure 36-16. Control Linkage Between Control Lever, Control Box, and Power Takeoff.
Figure 36-17. Crane Assembly on Wrecking Truck.
Figure 36-19. Main Drive and Associated Parts.
Section VII. UNDERWATER VENTILATING SYSTEMS
Figure 36-20. Tank Prepared for Deepwater Fording.
Figure 36-21. Ventilation System for Deepwater Fording.
Figure 36-22. Crankcase Breather for Fording.
Chapter 37. PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION
Figure 37-1. Refrigerant-12 Pressure-Temperature Relationship.
Figure 37-2. Refrigeration Cycle.
Section II. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Figure 37-4. Expansion Valve and Expansion Tube.
Figure 37-5. Typical Evaporator
Figure 37-6. Thermostatic Evaporator.
Figure 37-8. Suction throttling Valve.
Figure 37-9. Pilot-Operated Absolute (POA) Valve.
Figure 37-10. Compressor Components.
Figure 37-11. Compressor Superheat Switch.
Figure 37-12. Two-Cylinder Axial Compressor.
Figure 37-13. Four-Cylinder Radial Compressor.
Figure 37-14. Six-Cylinder Axial Compressor.
Figure 37-15. Condenser.
Chapter 38. TRAILERS AND SEMITRAILERS
Figure 38-2. Truck Tractor and Semitrailer connections.
Figure 38-4. Fifth Wheel.
Figure 38-5. Landing Gear.
Figure 38-6. Typical Three-Quarter Trailers.
Figure 38-7. Typical Full-Trailer Chassis.
Figure 38-8. Trailer Converter Dolly.
Section IV MATCHING TOWING VEHICLE TO TRAILER
Appendix. DEFINITION OF TERMS
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
INDEX
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
The Metric System and Equivalents
TM-9-8000
Blank Page
Recommended Changes to Equipment Technical Publications
Distribution
Distribution

Privacy Statement - Press Release - Copyright Information. - Contact Us