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Page Title: CHAPTER 4 AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
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Aerographers Mate, Module 05-Basic Meteorology
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AIR MASS SOURCE REGIONS

CHAPTER 4 AIR MASSES AND FRONTS Temperature, in the form of heating and cooling, plays   a   key   roll   in   our   atmosphere’s   circulation. Heating and cooling is also the key in the formation of various   air   masses.   These   air   masses,   because   of temperature contrast, ultimately result in the formation of frontal systems. The air masses and frontal systems, however,  could  not  move  significantly  without  the interplay of low-pressure systems (cyclones). Some    regions    of    Earth    have    weak    pressure gradients  at  times  that  allow  for  little  air  movement. Therefore,  the  air  lying  over  these  regions  eventually takes on the certain characteristics of temperature and moisture normal to that region. Ultimately, air masses with  these  specific  characteristics  (warm,  cold,  moist, or  dry)  develop.  Because  of  the  existence  of  cyclones and other factors aloft, these air masses are eventually subject  to  some  movement  that  forces  them  together. When   these   air   masses   are   forced   together,   fronts develop  between  them.  The  fronts  are  then  brought together   by   the   cyclones   and   airflow   aloft.   This produces the classic complex frontal systems often seen on surface weather maps. AIR MASSES LEARNING   OBJECTIVE:   Determine   the conditions  necessary  for  the  formation  of  air masses and identify air mass source regions. An air mass is a body of air extending over a large area   (usually   1,000   miles   or   more   across).   It   is generally  an  area  of  high  pressure  that  stagnates  for several days where surface terrain varies little. During this  time,  the  air  mass  takes  on  characteristics  of  the underlying surface. Properties of temperature, moisture (humidity), and lapse rate remain fairly homogeneous throughout  the  air  mass.  Horizontal  changes  of  these properties are usually very gradual. CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR AIR MASS FORMATION Two primary factors are necessary to produce an air mass.   First,   a   surface   whose   properties,   essentially temperature  and  moisture,  are  relatively  uniform  (it may be water, land, or a snow-covered area). Second, a large  divergent  flow  that  tends  to  destroy  temperature contrasts and produces a homogeneous mass of air. The energy  supplied  to  Earth’s  surface  from  the  Sun  is distributed to the air mass by convection, radiation, and conduction. Another condition necessary for air mass formation is    equilibrium    between    ground    and    air.    This    is established by a combination of the following processes:  (1)  turbulent-convective  transport  of  heat upward into the higher levels of the air; (2) cooling of air by radiation loss of heat; and (3) transport of heat by evaporation and condensation processes. The fastest and most effective process involved in establishing   equilibrium   is   the   turbulent-convective transport   of   heat   upwards.   The   slowest   and   least effective process is radiation. During radiation and turbulent-convective processes, evaporation and condensation contribute in conserving  the  heat  of  the  overlying  air.  This  occurs because the water vapor in the air allows radiation only through  transparent  bands  during  radiational  cooling and   allows   for   the   release   of   the   latent   heat   of condensation during the turbulent-convective processes. Therefore, the tropical latitudes, because of a  higher  moisture  content  in  the  air,  rapidly  form  air masses primarily through the upward transport of heat by  the  turbulent-convective  process.  The  dryer  polar regions slowly form air masses primarily because of the loss   of   heat   through   radiation.   Since   underlying surfaces  are  not  uniform  in  thermal  properties  during the   year   and   the   distribution   of   land   and   water   is unequal,  specific  or  special  summer  and/or  winter  air masses may be formed. The rate of air mass formation varies more with the intensity of insolation. EFFECTS OF CIRCULATION ON ALL AIR MASS FORMATION There  are  three  types  of  circulation  over  Earth. However,  not  all  of  these  are  favorable  for  air  mass development. They are as follows: 1. The anticyclonic systems. Anticyclonic systems   have   stagnant   or   slow-moving   air,   which allows  time  for  air  to  adjust  its  heat  and  moisture content   to   that   of   the   underlying   surface.   These 4-1

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