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Page Title: VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF HIGH PRESSURE systems
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Aerographers Mate, Module 05-Basic Meteorology
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VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF LOW-PRESSURE SYSTEMS

cold  column  are  closer  than  the  ones  in  the  warm column.  Figure  3-17  shows  an  increase  in  thickness between two pressure surfaces, resulting in an increase in mean virtual temperature. Note the increase in the distance between the constant pressure surfaces; P, P1, etc.,   from   column   A   to   column   B. Using   the hypsometric  equation  can  derive  the  thickness  value between two pressure surfaces. Thickness may also be determined from tables, graphs, etc. VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEMS The topographic features that indicate the circulation patterns at 500 millibars in the atmosphere correspond in general to those at lower and higher level. However,  they  may  experience  a  shift  in  location  as well as a change in intensity and shape. For example, a ridge  aloft  may  reflect  a  closed  high  on  a  surface synoptic   chart.   In   addition,   upper   air   circulation patterns may take on a wavelike structure in contrast to the alternate closed lows, or closed high patterns at the surface level. The smoothing of the circulation pattern aloft is typical of atmospheric flow patterns. Cold Core Highs A cold core high is one in which the temperatures on   a   horizontal   plane   decrease   toward   the   center. Because  the  temperature  in  the  center  of  a  cold  core high  is  less  than  toward  the  outside  of  the  system,  it follows that the vertical spacing of isobars in the center of  this  system  is  closer  together  than  on  the  outside. Although the pressure at the center of these systems on the surface may be high, the pressure decreases rapidly with  height.  (See  fig.  3-18.)  Because  these  highs  are often quite shallow, it is common for an upper level low to exist above a cold core high. NOTE: For the purpose of illustration, figures 3-18 through  3-21  are  exaggerated  with  respect  to  actual atmospheric conditions. If the cold core high becomes subjected to warming from  below  and  to  subsidence  from  aloft,  as  it  moves southward    from    its    source    and    spreads    out,    it diminishes rapidly in intensity with time (unless some dynamic effect sets in aloft over the high to compensate for   the   warming).   Since   these   highs   decrease   in intensity with height, thickness is relatively low. In the vertical, cold core highs slope toward colder air aloft. Anticyclones found in Arctic air are always cold cored, while  anticyclones  in  polar  air  may  be  warm  or  cold core. Examples   of   cold   core   highs   are   the   North American  High,  the  Siberian  High  and  the  migratory highs that originate from these anticyclones. Warm Core Highs A warm core high is one in which the temperatures on   a   horizontal   level   increase   toward   the   center. Because the temperatures in the center of a warm core high  are  higher  than  on  the  outside  of  the  system,  it follows that the vertical spacing of isobars in the center is farther apart than toward the outside of the high. For this reason, a warm core high increases in intensity with altitude and has an anticyclonic circulation at all levels (see fig. 3-19). From a vertical view, warm core highs slope  toward  warmer  air  aloft.  A  warm  core  high  is accompanied  by  a  high  cold  tropopause.  Since  the pressure surfaces are spaced far apart, the tropopause is reached    only    at    great    heights.    The    temperature continues to decrease with elevation and is cold by the 3-18 AG5f0317 H IS THE INCREASE IN THICKNESS BETWEEN TWO GIVEN PRESSURE SURFACES FOR AN INCREASE IN MEAN VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE FROM TA TO TB.  TB IS A HIGHER MEAN VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE THAN TA. P5 P5 P4 TB   P3 P2 P1 P P4 TA  P3 P2 P1 P COLD A WARM B H H H Figure 3-17.—Thickness of two strata as a function of means virtual temperature. 600MB 600MB 700MB 700MB 800MB 800MB 900MB 900MB 1000MB 1000MB H L AG5f0318 Figure 3-18.—Cold core high.

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