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Page Title: Cyclones
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MIGRATORY SYSTEMS
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Aerographers Mate, Module 05-Basic Meteorology
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VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF HIGH PRESSURE systems

The     formation     of     an     anticyclone     or     the intensification of an existing one is called anticyclogenesis.    Anticyclogenesis    refers    to    the development of anticyclonic circulation as well as the intensification of an existing anticyclonic flow. When a high-pressure center is increasing in pressure, the high is  BUILDING  or  INTENSIFYING.  Although  a  high can   build   (or   intensify)   without   an   increase   in anticyclonic  flow,  it  is  rare.  Normally,  building  and anticyclogenesis occur simultaneously. The weakening of anticyclonic circulation is anticyclolysis. When the pressure  of  a  high  is  decreasing,  we  say  the  high  is weakening.  Anticyclolysis  and  weakening  can  occur separately, but usually occur together. The vertical extent of pressure greatly depends on the  air  temperature.  Since  density  increases  with  a decrease   in   temperature,   pressure   decreases   more rapidly vertically in colder air than in warmer air.  In a cold   anticyclone   (such   as   the   Siberian   high),   the vertical extent is shallow; while in a warm anticyclone (such   as   the   subtropical   high),   the   vertical   extent reaches high into the upper atmosphere due to the slow decrease in temperature with elevation. Cyclones A cyclone (low) is a circular or nearly circular area of low pressure with a counterclockwise flow. The flow is  slightly  across  the  isobars  toward  the  center  in  the Northern  Hemisphere  and  clockwise  in  the  Southern Hemisphere.  (See  fig.  3-16.)  It  is  commonly  called  a low  or  a  depression.  This  use  of  the  word  cyclone should be distinguished from the colloquial use of the word  as  applied  to  the  tornado  or  tropical  cyclone (hurricane). The formation of a new cyclone or the intensification of the cyclonic flow in an existing one is called  cyclogenesis.  When  the  pressure  in  the  low  is falling, we say the low is deepening. Cyclogenesis and deepening can also occur separately, but usually occur at the same time.  The decrease or eventual dissipation of   a   cyclonic   flow   is   called   cyclolysis.   When   the pressure  in  a  low  is  rising,  we  say  the  low  is  filling. Cyclolysis  and  filling  usually  occur  simultaneously. Cyclones in middle and high latitudes are referred to as extratropical cyclones. The term tropical cyclone refers to hurricanes and typhoons. VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF SECONDARY CIRCULATIONS (PRESSURE CENTERS) To  better  understand  the  nature  of  the  pressure centers of the secondary circulation, it is necessary to consider  them  from  a  three-dimensional  standpoint. With the aid of surface and upper air charts, you will be able  to  see  the  three  dimensions  of  these  pressure systems   as   well   as   the   circulation   patterns   of   the secondary circulation as established at higher levels in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. In  Chapter  2,  the  study  of  gas  laws  showed  that volume is directly proportional to temperature. Stated another way, we might say that the thickness of a layer between  two  isobaric  surfaces  is  directly  proportional to  the  mean  virtual  temperature  of  the  layer.  Because the atmosphere is always moist to some degree, virtual temperature   is   used.   Mean   virtual   temperature   is defined  as  the  average  temperature  at  which  dry  air would have the same pressure and density as moist air. Thus, lines representing thickness are also isotherms of mean virtual temperature. The higher the mean virtual temperature,  the  thicker  the  layer,  or  vice  versa.  The thickness  between  layers  is  expressed  in  geopotential meters. The shift in location, as well as the change of shape  and  intensity  upward  of  atmospheric  pressure systems, is dependent on the temperature distribution. An  example  of  the  effects  of  virtual  temperature can be demonstrated by placing two columns of air next to each other. One air column is cold and the other air column is warm. The constant pressure surfaces in the 3-17 LOW CYCLONIC CIRCULATION AG5f0316 Figure 3-16.—Cyclone.

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