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Page Title: WIND TYPES
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Pressure Gradient Force
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Aerographers Mate, Module 05-Basic Meteorology
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Figure 3-11.—Development cycle of a geostrophic wind.

line and with the same speed unless acted upon by some external  force.  Therefore,  for  a  body  to  move  in  a curved path, some force must be continually applied. The force restraining bodies that move in a curved path is  called  the  centripetal  force;  it  is  always  directed toward  the center of rotation. When a rock is whirled around on a string, the centripetal force is afforded by the tension of the string. Newton’s third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Centrifugal force is the  reacting  force  that  is  equal  to  and  opposite  in direction  to  the  centripetal  force.  Centrifugal  force, then,  is  a  force  directed  outward  from  the  center  of rotation. As you know, a bucket of water can be swung over your  head  at  a  rate  of  speed  that  allows  the  water  to remain   in   the   bucket.   This   is   an   example   of   both centrifugal  and  centripetal  force.  The  water  is  held  in the   bucket   by   centrifugal   force   tending   to   pull   it outward.  The  centripetal  force,  the  force  holding  the bucket and water to the center, is your arm swinging the bucket. As soon as you cease swinging the bucket, the forces cease and the water falls out of the bucket. Figure 3-10   is   a   simplified   illustration   of   centripetal   and centrifugal force. High- and low-pressure systems can be compared to rotating discs. Centrifugal effect tends to fling air out from the center of rotation of these systems. This force is directly proportional to the wind speeds, the faster the wind,  and  the  stronger  the  outward  force.  Therefore, when winds tend to blow in a circular path, centrifugal effect  (in  addition  to  pressure  gradient  and  Coriolis effects) influences these winds. Frictional Force The   actual   drag   or   slowing   of   air   particles   in contact with a solid surface is called friction. Friction tends  to  retard  air  movement.  Since  Coriolis  force varies  with  the  speed  of  the  wind,  a  reduction  in  the wind   speed   by   friction   means   a   reduction   of   the Coriolis force. This results in a momentary disruption of   the   balance.   When   the   new   balance   (including friction) is reached, the air flows at an angle across the isobars  from  high  pressure  to  low  pressure.  (Pressure gradient force is the dominant force at the surface.) This angle  varies  from  10  degrees  over  the  ocean  to  more than 45 degrees over rugged terrain. Frictional effects on the air are greatest near the ground, but the effects are also carried aloft by turbulence. Surface friction is effective in slowing the wind to an average altitude of 2,000 feet (about 600 meters) above the ground. Above this level, called the gradient wind level or the second standard  level  the  effect  of  friction  decreases  rapidly and may be considered negligible. Air above 2,000 feet normally flows parallel to the isobars. WIND TYPES Since    there    is    a    direct    relationship    between pressure  gradient  and  wind  speed  and  direction,  we have  a  variety  of  wind  types  to  deal  with.  We  discuss below  the  relationship  of  winds  and  circulations,  the forces  involved,  and  the  effect  of  these  factors  on  the general circulation. Geostrophic and Gradient Wind On analyzed surface weather charts, points of equal pressure  are  connected  by  drawn  lines  referred  to  as isobars,  while  in  upper  air  analysis,  points  of  equal heights are connected and called isoheights. The  variation  of  these  heights  and  pressures  from one locality to another is the initial factor that produces movement of air, or wind. Assume that at three stations the  pressure  is  lower  at  each  successive  point.  This means  that  there  is  a  horizontal  pressure  gradient  (a decrease in pressure in this case) for each unit distance. With  this  situation,  the  air  moves  from  the  area  of greater pressure to the area of lesser pressure. If  the  force  of  the  pressure  were  the  only  factor acting on the wind, the wind would flow from high to low   pressure,   perpendicular   to   the   isobars.   Since experience shows the wind does not flow perpendicular to isobars, but at a slight angle across them and towards the  lower  pressure,  it  is  evident  that  other  factors  are 3-10 AG5f0310 Figure 3-10.—Simplified illustration of centripetal and centrifugal force.

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