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Page Title: Liquid to Solid and Vice Versa
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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Aerographers Mate, Module 05-Basic Meteorology
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Liquid to Gas and Vice Versa

away from the gravitational pull of the center of Earth. However, the mass remains the same even though the gravitational pull is different. Gravity also varies with latitude. It is slightly less at the equator than at the poles due to the equator’s greater distance from the center of Earth. Weight The   weight   of   an   object   is   a   measure   of   its gravitational attraction. The weight depends upon the mass  or  quantity  that  it  contains  and  the  amount  of gravitational  attraction  Earth  has  for  it.  Weight  is  a force,  and  as  such  it  should  be  expressed  in  units  of force.    Since  gravity  varies  with  latitude  and  height above  sea  level,  so  must  weight  vary  with  the  same factors.  Therefore,  a  body  weighs  more  at  the  poles than at the equator and more at sea level than atop a mountain. In a comparison of mass and weight, mass remains  constant  no  matter  where  it  is,  but  weight varies with latitude and height above sea level. Volume Volume is the measure of the amount of space that matter occupies. The volume of rectangular objects is found directly by obtaining the product of their length, width, and depth. For determining the volume of liquids and gases, special graduated containers are used. Density The mass of a unit volume of a substance or mass per unit volume is called density. Usually we speak of substances being heavier or lighter than another when comparing equal volumes of the two substances. Since density is a derived quantity, the density of an object can be computed by dividing its mass (or weight) by its volume. The formula for determining the density of a substance is D M V (or D M V) = = = ¸ where  D  stands  for  density,  M  for  mass,  and  V  for volume. From  this  formula,  it  is  obvious  that  with  mass remaining unchanged, an increase in volume causes a decrease  in  density.  A  decrease  in  volume  causes  an increase in density. The density of gases is derived from the same basic formula   as   the   density   of   a   solid.   Pressure   and temperature also affect the density of gases. This effect is discussed later in this unit under Gas Laws. CHANGES OF STATE A   change   of   state   (or   change   of   phase)   of   a substance  describes  the  change  of  a  substance  from  a solid to a liquid, liquid to a vapor (or gas), vapor to a liquid,  liquid  to  a  solid,  solid  to  vapor,  or  vapor  to  a solid. In meteorology you are concerned primarily with the change of state of water in the air. Water is present in the  atmosphere  in  any  or  all  of  the  three  states  (solid, liquid, and vapor) and changes back and forth from one state   to   another.   The   mere   presence   of   water   is important, but the change of state of that water in the air is  significant  because  it  directly  affects  the  weather. The  solid  state  of  water  is  in  the  form  of  ice  or  ice crystals.  The  liquid  state  of  water  is  in  the  form  of raindrops, clouds, and fogs. The vapor state of water is in the form of unseen gases (water vapor) in the air. Heat Energy Energy is involved in the various changes of state that occur in the atmosphere. This energy is primarily in the form of heat. Each of the changes of state processes either  uses  heat  from  the  atmosphere  or  releases  heat into  the  atmosphere.  The  heat  used  by  a  substance  in changing its state is referred to as the latent heat and is usually stated in calories. The calorie is a unit of heat energy. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1°C. A closer look at some of the major changes of  state  of  the  atmosphere  helps  to  clarify  latent  heat. Refer to figure 2-5 during the following discussions. Liquid to Solid and Vice Versa Fusion is the change of state from a solid to a liquid at the same temperature. The number of gram calories of heat necessary to change 1 gram of a substance from the solid to the liquid state is known as the latent heat of fusion. To change 1 gram of ice to 1 gram of water at a constant temperature and pressure requires roughly 80 calories of heat. This is called the latent heat of fusion. Fusion   uses   heat.   The   source   of   this   heat   is   the surrounding air. The   opposite   of   fusion   is   freezing—a   liquid changes  into  a  solid.  Since  it  requires  80  calories  to change  1  gram  of  ice  to  1  gram  of  water,  this  same amount of heat is released into the air when 1 gram of water is changed to ice. 2-6

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