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Page Title: Depletion of Solar Radiation
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Figure 1-5.—Electromagnetic spectrum
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Aerographers Mate, Module 05-Basic Meteorology
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RADIATION (HEAT) BALANCE IN THE ATMOSPHERE

The  insolation  received  at  the  surface  of  Earth depends upon the solar constant (the rate at which solar radiation is received outside Earth’s atmosphere), the distance from the Sun, inclination of the Sun’s rays, and the   amount   of   insolation   depleted   while   passing through the atmosphere. The last two are the important variable factors. Depletion of Solar Radiation If the Sun’s radiation was not filtered or depleted in some manner, our planet would soon be too hot for life to  exist.  We  must  now  consider  how  the  Sun’s  heat energy    is    both    dispersed    and    depleted.    This    is accomplished through dispersion, scattering, reflection, and absorption. DISPERSION.—Earlier    it    was    learned    that Earth’s  axis  is  inclined  at  an  angle  of  23  1/2°.  This inclination causes the Sun’s rays to be received on the surface   of   Earth   at   varying   angles   of   incidence, depending  on  the  position  of  Earth.  When  the  Sun’s rays are not perpendicular  to the surface of Earth, the energy becomes dispersed or spread out over a greater area  (figure.1-6).  If  the  available  energy  reaching  the atmosphere is constant and is dispersed over a greater area, the amount of energy at any given point within the area decreases, and therefore the temperature is lower. Dispersion of insolation in the atmosphere is caused by the rotation of Earth. Dispersion of insolation also takes place with the seasons in all latitudes, but especially in the latitudes of the polar areas. SCATTERING.—About 25 percent of the incoming solar radiation is scattered or diffused by the atmosphere.   Scattering  is  a  phenomenon  that  occurs when solar radiation passes through the air and some of the   wavelengths   are   deflected   in   all   directions   by molecules  of  gases,  suspended  particles,  and  water vapor. These suspended particles then act like a prism and  produce  a  variety  of  colors.  Various  wavelengths and  particle  sizes  result  in  complex  scattering  affects that produce the blue sky. Scattering is also responsible for the red Sun at sunset, varying cloud colors at sunrise and sunset, and a variety of optical phenomena. Scattering  always  occurs  in  the  atmosphere,  but does   not   always   produce   dramatic   settings.   Under certain radiation wavelength and particle size conditions all that can be seen are white clouds and a whitish haze. This occurs when there is a high moisture content  (large  particle  size)  in  the  air  and  is  called diffuse  reflection.  About  two-thirds  of  the  normally scattered    radiation    reaches    earth    as    diffuse    sky radiation. Diffuse sky radiation may account for almost 100 percent of the radiation received by polar stations during winter. REFLECTION.—Reflection is the process whereby a surface turns a portion of the incident back into the medium through which the radiation came. A  substance  reflects  some  insolation.  This  means that  the  electromagnetic  waves  simply  bounce  back into space. Earth reflects an average of 36 percent of the insolation. The percent of reflectivity of all wavelengths on a surface is known as its albedo. Earth’s average albedo is from 36 to 43 percent. That is, Earth reflects 36 to 43 percent of insolation back into space. In  calculating  the  albedo  of  Earth,  the  assumption  is made  that  the  average  cloudiness  over  Earth  is  52 percent.  All  surfaces  do  not  have  the  same  degree  of reflectivity;  consequently,  they  do  not  have  the  same albedo. Some examples are as follows: 1. Upper surfaces of clouds reflect from 40 to 80 percent, with an average of about 55 percent. 2. Snow   surfaces   reflect   over   80   percent   of incoming sunlight for cold, fresh snow and as low as 50 percent for old, dirty snow. 3. Land    surfaces    reflect    from    5    percent    of incoming sunlight for dark forests to 30 percent for dry land. 4. Water surfaces (smooth) reflect from 2 percent, when the Sun is directly overhead, to 100 percent when,  the  Sun  is  very  low  on  the  horizon.  This increase  is  not  linear.  When  the  Sun  is  more  than 25°above  the  horizon,  the  albedo  is  less  than  10 percent. In general, the albedo of water is quite low. When  Earth  as  a  whole  is  considered,  clouds  are most important in determining albedo. 1-9 SUN OBLIQUE RAYS DISPERSED OVER A LARGER AREA THAN PERPENDICULAR RAYS AGf0106 Figure 1-6.—Dispersion of insolation.

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