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CLOUD CLASSIFICATION
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Aerographers Mate, Module 05-Basic Meteorology
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Fog

two   different   levels   in   the   sky   and   sometimes   in conjunction with altocumulus, which may also exist as two different layers in the sky. 3. Nimbostratus (NS). Nimbostratus appears as a low,  amorphous,  and  rainy  layer  of  clouds  of  a  dark gray color. They are usually nearly uniform and feebly illuminated, seemingly from within. When precipitation occurs, it is in the form of continuous rain or  snow.  However,  nimbostratus  may  occur  without rain or snow reaching the ground. In cases in which the precipitation does not reach the ground, the base of the cloud is usually diffuse and looks wet.   In most cases, nimbostratus   evolve   from   altostratus   layers,   which grow thicker and whose bases become lower until they become a layer of nimbostratus. Low clouds. Low clouds are described as follows: 1. Stratocumulus (SC). Stratocumulus appear as a layer   (or   patches)   of   clouds   composed   of   globular masses or rolls. The smallest of the regularly arranged elements  is  fairly  large.  They  are  soft  and  gray  with darker spots. 2. Stratus (ST). Stratus appears as a low, uniform layer of clouds, resembling fog, but not resting on the ground.  When  a  layer  of  stratus  is  broken  up  into irregular  shreds,  it  is  designated  as  stratus  fractus.  A veil  of  stratus  gives  the  sky  a  characteristically  hazy appearance.  Usually,  drizzle  is  the  only  precipitation associated with stratus. When there is no precipitation, the stratus cloud form appears drier than other similar forms,  and  it  shows  some  contrasts  and  some  lighter transparent parts. 3. Cumulus (CU). Cumulus is dense clouds with vertical  development.  Their  upper  surfaces  are  dome shaped and exhibit rounded protuberances, while their bases are nearly flat. Cumulus fractus or fractocumulus resemble  ragged  cumulus  in  which  the  different  parts show constant change. 4. Cumulonimbus (CB). Cumulonimbi are heavy masses   of   cumulus-type   clouds   with   great   vertical development   whose   cumuliform   summits   resemble mountains  or  towers.  Tops  may  extend  higher  than 60,000  feet.  Their  upper  parts  are  composed  of  ice crystals  and  have  a  fibrous  texture;  often  they  spread out in the shape of an anvil. Cumulonimbi  are  the  familiar  thunderclouds,  and their precipitation is of a violent, intermittent, showery character. Hail often falls from well-developed cumulonimbus.   On   occasion,   cumulonimbus   clouds display several readily apparent supplementary features. Examples   are   (1)   mamma   or   hanging pouch-like  protuberances  on  the  under  surface  of  the cloud;  (2)  tuba  (commonly  called  the  funnel  cloud), resembling a cloud column or inverted cloud cone/pendant from the cloud base; and (3) virga, wisps or streaks of water or ice particles falling out of a cloud but   evaporating   before   reaching   Earth’s   surface   as precipitation. The  Aerographer’s  Mate  must  learn  to  recognize the various cloud types and associated precipitation as seen from Earth’s surface. Figure 5-1 shows the various types  of  clouds  in  a  tier  with  each  cloud  type  at  its average height.  Although one never sees all cloud types at once, quite frequently two or three layers of clouds of different types may be present simultaneously. Species.—The   following   species   of   clouds   are referred  to  frequently;  others  may  be  found  in  the International Cloud Atlas or in the newer publication, Cloud Types for Observers. Castellanus. Clouds which present, in at least some portion of their upper part, cumuliform protuberances in the form of turrets. The turrets, which are generally taller  than  they  are  wide,  are  connected  to  a  common base.    The    term    applies    mainly    to    cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus, but especially altocumulus. Stratiformis.  Clouds  which  are  spread  out  in  an extensive horizontal sheet or layer. The term applies to altocumulus, stratocumulus, and occasionally to cirrocumulus. Lenticularis. Clouds having the shape of lenses or almonds,   often   elongated   and   having   well-defined outlines.  The  term  applies  mainly  to  cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus. Fractus.  Clouds  in  the  form  of  irregular  shreds, which  have  a  clearly  ragged  appearance.  The  term applies only to stratus and cumulus. Humilis.  Cumulus  clouds  of  only  a  slight  vertical extent; they generally appear flattened. Congestus.  Cumulus  clouds  which  are  markedly sprouting  and  are  often  of  great  vertical  extent.  Their bulging upper part frequently resembles cauliflower. Varieties and Supplementary Features.—Cloud varieties  are  established  mainly  on  the  basis  of  the cloud’s  transparency  or  its  arrangement  in  the  sky.  A detailed description of the nine varieties can be found in the International Cloud Atlas. 5-5

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