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Page Title: CLOUD CLASSIFICATION
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OTHER HYDROMETEORS - CONTINUED
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Aerographers Mate, Module 05-Basic Meteorology
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Species

CLOUD CLASSIFICATION.—The inter- national   classification   of   clouds   adopted   by   most countries   is   a   great   help   to   both   meteorological personnel    and    pilots.    It    tends    to    make    cloud observations standard throughout the world, and pilots that  can  identify  cloud  types  will  normally  take  the necessary steps to avoid those types dangerous to their aircraft. Clouds   have   been   divided   into   etages,   genera, species,   and   varieties.   This   classification   is   based primarily  on  the  process  that  produces  the  clouds. Although   clouds   are   continually   in   a   process   of development   and   dissipation,   they   do   have   many distinctive    features    that    make    this    classification possible. Etages.—Observations   have   shown   that   clouds generally occur over a range of altitudes varying from sea level to about 60,000 feet in the tropics, to about 45,000 feet in middle latitudes, and to about 25,000 feet in   Polar   Regions.   By   convention,   the   part   of   the atmosphere  in  which  clouds  are  usually  present  has been vertically divided into three etages—high, middle, and low. The range of levels at which clouds of certain genera occur most frequently defines each etage. Cirrus,  cirrocumulus,  and  cirrostratus  are  always found in the high etage. Altocumulus and altostratus are found  in  the  middle  etage,  but  altostratus  may  often extend  into  the  high  etage.  Nimbostratus  is  always found in the middle etage but may extend into the high, and especially the low etage. Cumulus, cumulonimbus, stratus,  and  stratocumulus  are  always  associated  with the low etage, but the tops of cumulus or cumulonimbus may extend into one or both of the two other etages. The  HIGH  ETAGE  extends  from  about  10,000  to 25,000  feet  in  polar  regions,  16,500  to  45,000  feet  in temperate regions, and 20,000 to 60,000 feet in tropical regions. The MIDDLE ETAGE extends from about 6,500 to 13,000  feet  in  polar  regions,  6,500  to  23,000  feet  in temperate regions, and 6,500 to 25,000 feet in tropical regions. The   LOW   ETAGE   extends   from   near   Earth’s surface to 6,500 feet in all regions of Earth. Genera (Types).—As a weather analyst, interpreter, and briefer, you will be viewing the state of the sky with distinctly different objectives in mind. A review  of  the  various  cloud  types  can  help  you  to associate   past   observer   experiences   with   synoptic conditions and trends. High clouds. High clouds are described as follows: 1. Cirrus   (CI).   Cirrus   are   detached   clouds   of delicate  and  fibrous  appearance,  are  generally  white (cirrus  are  the  whitest  clouds  in  the  sky),  and  are without shading. They appear in the most varied forms, such   as   isolated   tufts,   lines   drawn   across   the   sky, branching feather-like plumes, and curved lines ending in tufts.   Since cirrus is composed of ice crystals, their transparent   character   depends   upon   the   degree   of separation  of  the  crystals. Before  sunrise  and  after sunset, cirrus may still be colored bright yellow or red. Being high altitude clouds, they light up before lower clouds and fade out much later.   Cirrus often indicates the direction in which a storm lies. 2. Cirrocumulus (CC). Cirrocumulus, commonly called  mackerel  sky,  looks  like  rippled  sand  or  like cirrus  containing  globular  masses  of  cotton,  usually without shadows. Cirrocumulus is an indication that a storm is probably approaching. The individual globules of  cirrocumulus  are  rarely  larger  than  1  degree  as measured by an observer on the surface of Earth at or near sea level. 3. Cirrostratus   (CS).   Cirrostratus   form   a   thin, whitish  veil,  which  does  not  blur  the  outlines  of  the Sun, or the Moon but does give rise to halos. A milky veil of fog, thin stratus, and altostratus are distinguished   from   a   veil   of   cirrostratus   of   similar appearance by the halo phenomenon, which the Sun or Moon nearly always produces in a layer of cirrostratus. The appearance of cirrostratus is a good indication of rain. In the tropics, however, cirrostratus is quite often observed with no rain following. Middle  clouds.  Middle  clouds  are  described  as follows: 1. Altocumulus  (AC).  Altocumulus  appear  as  a layer  (or  patches)  of  clouds  composed  of  flattened globular masses, the smallest elements of the regularly arranged  layer  being  fairly  small  and  thin,  with  or without   shading.   The   balls   or   patches   usually   are arranged  in  groups,  lines,  or  waves.  This  cloud  form differs  from  cirrocumulus  by  generally  having  larger masses,   by   casting   shadows,   and   by   having   no connection with cirrus forms. Corona and irisation are frequently associated with altocumulus. 2. Altostratus  (AS).  Altostratus  looks  like  thick cirrostratus,  but  without  halo  phenomena;  altostratus forms  a  fibrous  veil  or  sheet,  gray  or  bluish  in  color. Sometimes  the  Sun  or  Moon  is  completely  obscured. Light rain or heavy snow may fall from an altostratus cloud layer.   Altostratus can sometimes be observed at 5-4

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