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Page Title: PRECIPITATION THEORY
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CHAPTER 5 ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA
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Aerographers Mate, Module 05-Basic Meteorology
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OTHER HYDROMETEORS - CONTINUED

Ice Pellets Ice pellets are transparent or translucent pellets of ice that are round or irregular (rarely conical) and have a diameter of .02 inch (.5 mm) or less. They usually rebound upon striking hard ground and make a sound on impact. Ice pellets are generally subdivided into two groups, sleet and small hail. Sleet is composed of hard grains of ice, which has formed from the freezing of raindrops    or    the    refreezing    of    largely    melted snowflakes; it falls as continuous precipitation. Small hail is composed of pellets of snow encased in a thin layer of ice that has formed from the freezing of either droplets  intercepted  by  the  pellets  or  water  resulting from the partial melting of the pellets; small hail falls as showery precipitation. Hail Ice balls or stones, ranging in diameter from that of a  medium-size  raindrop  to  two  inches  or  more  are referred  to  as  hail.  They  may  fall  detached  or  frozen together into irregular, lumpy masses. Hail is composed either  of  clear  ice  or  of  alternating  clear  and  opaque snowflake  layers.  Hail  forms  in  cumulonimbus  cloud, and  is  normally  associated  with  thunderstorm  activity and surface temperatures above freezing. Determination  of  size  is  based  on  the  diameter  (in inches) of normally shaped hailstones. Ice Crystals (Ice Prisms) Ice crystals fall as unbranched crystals in the form of  needles,  columns,  or  plates.  They  are  often  so  tiny they  seem  to  be  suspended  in  the  air.  They  may  fall from    a    cloud    or    from    clear    air.    In    a    synoptic observation, ice crystals are called ice prisms. They are visible mainly when they glitter in the sunlight or other bright light; they may even produce a luminous pillar or other    optical    phenomenon.    This    hydrometeor    is common  in  Polar  Regions  and  occurs  only  at  low temperatures in stable air masses. PRECIPITATION THEORY Several   valid   theories   have   been   formulated   in regard  to  the  growth  of  raindrops.  The  theories  most widely  accepted  today  are  treated  here  in  combined form. Raindrops  grow  in  size  primarily  because  water exists in all three phases in the atmosphere and because the   air   is   supersaturated   at   times   (especially   with respect  to  ice)  because  of  adiabatic  expansion  and radiation cooling. This means that ice crystals coexist with   liquid   water   droplets   in   the   same   cloud.   The difference  in  the  vapor  pressure  between  the  water droplets  and  the  ice  crystals  causes  water  droplets  to evaporate  and  then  to  sublimate  directly  onto  the  ice crystals.  Sublimation  is  the  process  whereby  water vapor  changes  into  ice  without  passing  through  the liquid   stage.   Condensation   alone   does   not   cause droplets  of  water  to  grow  in  size.  The  turbulence  in cloud  permits  and  aids  this  droplet  growth  processes. After the droplets become larger, they start to descend and are tossed up again in turbulent updrafts within the cloud.   The   repetition   of   ascension   and   descension causes  the  ice  crystals  to  grow  larger  (by  water  vapor sublimating onto the ice crystals) until finally they are heavy enough to fall out of the cloud as some form of precipitation.  It  is  believed  that  most  precipitation  in the  mid-latitudes  starts  as  ice  crystals  and  that  most liquid precipitation results from melting during descent through a stratum of warmer air. It is generally believed that   most   rain   in   the   tropics   forms   without   going through the ice phase. In addition to the above process of droplet growth, simple   accretion   is   important.   In   this   process,   the collision   of   ice   crystals   with   super-cooled   water droplets  causes  the  droplets  to  freeze  on  contact  with the   ice   crystals.   As   the   droplets   freeze   on   the   ice crystals,   more   layers   accumulate.   This   process   is especially effective in the formation of hail.  There are other   factors   that   explain,   in   part,   the   growth   of precipitation,  but  the  above  processes  are  the  primary ones. OTHER HYDROMETEORS The hydrometeors that follow, are not precipitation; however, they are equally important. Clouds A cloud is a visible mass of minute water droplets (or ice particles) suspended in the atmosphere. It differs from fog in that it does not reach the surface of Earth. Clouds are a direct expression of the physical processes taking place in the atmosphere. An accurate description of both type and amount plays an important part in the analysis of the weather and in forecasting the changes that take place in the weather. CLOUD FORMATION.—To be able to thoroughly understand clouds, the Aerographer’s Mate must  know  the  physical  processes  that  form  clouds. Three conditions must be met before clouds can form as 5-2

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