The  Iraqis  have  chemical  weapons  and  have used them both inside their country and against Iran. Iran claimed to be victim to 253 chemical attacks during its war with Iraq. The United Nations investigated the Iranian claims and found evidence to confirm Iraq’s widespread use of mustard gas and nerve agent GA (Tabun). The Iraqis possess a stockpile of SS-1 (Scud-B) and Frog 7 missiles. They may also have the SS-12 missile, capable of carrying both nuclear and chemical  warheads.  The  addition  of  the  SS-12 missile has allowed Iraq to carry out long-range missile  attacks  against  its  enemies,  including Israel. Iraq has developed two surface-to-surface missiles:  the  al-Husayn  (650-kilometer  range)  and the  al-Abos  (900-kilometer  range). Libya Libya  openly  sponsored  terrorist  attacks against U.S. military personnel in Europe. After the  United  States  attacked  Libya  in  response  to a  terrorist  attack,  terrorist  attacks  worldwide  have decreased. Libya has not recently challenged the United States; however, it remains a threat because  of  its  large  chemical  weapon  capability. Libya  may  have  used  chemical  weapons against Chad in 1986. Libya has also drawn inter- national  attention  over  its  efforts  to  secure  nerve gas  technology.  German  companies  supplying Libya  with  technology  unknowingly  helped  Libya develop  its  present  chemical  warfare  capability. Syria Syria may be the United States’ most formida- ble opponent in the Middle East because of its offensive chemical weapons capabilities. Syria is thought  to  own  a  wide  range  of  chemical  weapons including  the  nerve  agent  GB  (Sarin). The Syrian arsenal includes the Soviet SS-1, SS-12  (with  warheads  for  chemical  agents including nerve agent VX), and possibly the Chinese  M-9  missiles. SUMMARY Over  the  last  200  years,  the  Navy  has progressed from a small force of two ships to one of the largest navies in the world. The mission of the Navy includes naval presence, sea control, and power  projection. The Navy’s traditional theaters of operations include Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Far East, and the Americas. These areas are changing, and the outcome of the changes could have an impact on the Navy’s mission and goals. The United States, NATO, and the Soviet Union have been negotiating treaties to reduce the amount  of  nuclear  weapons  they  own.  In  contrast, many newly emerging Third World countries are trying  to  obtain  the  technology  to  produce chemical,  biological,  and  nuclear  weapons. REFERENCES Cheney,  Dick,  “The Heart of the Soviet Threat,” Defense, Volume  90,  January/February  1990, pp.  2-7. Harristy, Admiral Huntington, “Pacific Watch- word  is  Change,”   Defense,  Volume  90, May/June  1990,  pp.  16-23. Miller,  A.  J.,   “Towards  Armageddon:  The Proliferation  of  Unconventional  Weapons  and Ballistic Missiles in the Middle East, ”  The Journal of Strategic Studies,  December  1989, pp.  387-401. Powell,  General  Colin  L.,  “Changes  and  Chal- lenges: An Overview,”  Defense,  Volume  90, May/June  1990,  pp.  8-15. —, “Is the Future What It Used to Be?”, Defense, Volume  90,  January/February  1990,  pp.  3-7. —,  “U.S.  Military  Doctrine:  The  Way  We Were—and   Are,”   Defense,   Volume   90, March/April  1990,  pp.  16-20. —,  “The  Middle  East  and  Southwest  Asia,” Defense, Volume  90,  January/February  1990, pp. 17-22. Schwarzkopf, General H. Norman, ‘‘Turmoil- Middle East Business as Usual,” Defense, Volume  90,  May/June  1990,  pp.  24-30. Soviet Military Power: Prospects for Changes 1989, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,  1989. Welch,  Thomas  J.,  “The Growing Global Menace of   Chemical   and   Biological   Warfare,” Defense,  Volume  90,  July/August  1989,  pp. 19-27. Wolfowitz,  Paul  D.,   “Strategic Thinking in Today’s  Dynamic  Times,”  Defense,  Volume 90, January/February 1990, pp. 9-11. 1-19