1-13 REVIEW 4 QUESTIONS Q1. When charting an individual’s progress in PQS, what   publication   should   you   use   for   proper tracking instructions? Q2.    Why should supervisors and managers monitor the work process? Q3.    Why must we include improvements in standard procedures? Q4.    What  function  does  the  Leadership  Continuum provide? Q5.    What   are   the   four   themes   of   all   leadership continuum courses? TRAINING SUBORDINATES Learning  Objectives:  Recognize  the  importance  of training subordinates. Recall instructional methods and techniques. Recall the procedures for using training aids. Training is one of the most important challenges we face as petty officers. We can expect top performance from our Navy personnel only when their knowledge and skills  are  up  to  the  requirements  of  their  billets.  The better trained our sailors are, the more productive they will be. Informal training is continuous, such as on-the- job   training   (OJT),   PQS,   and   counseling   sessions. Additionally we enhance our subordinates knowledge and skills  through  more  formal  training  programs.  This section covers basic features and requirements of training and instructional methods and techniques. Training is the process of imparting knowledge to people so that they become capable of performing their assigned duties in an acceptable manner. Training also is used to qualify people to perform in positions of greater difficulty and responsibility. Have you ever asked yourself, “What is the best and most effective way to train my people?” Well, a good way  to  start  is  to  review  the  guidelines  and  training policies  stated  in  OPNAVINST  3120.32,  Standard Organization   and   Regulations   of   the   U.S.   Navy, chapter 8. INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES All  methods  of  instruction  can  be  classified  as telling,  lecturing,  or  discussing;  showing  or  demon- strating; or any combination of these. Often the best way of  teaching  combines  the  various  methods.  You  must decide which methods to combine and the emphasis to place on each unless the curriculum itself  dictates  the combination needed. In making that decision, consider (1) the nature of the trainees, (2) the subject matter, and (3) the time limitations. Lecture Method The lecture is still the most frequently used method of  instruction.  However,  presenting  a  lecture  without pausing for interaction with trainees can be ineffective regardless of your skill as a speaker. The use of pauses during  the  lecture  for  direct  oral  questioning  creates interaction between instructor and trainee. Unfortunately, when  classes  are  large,  the  instructor  cannot  possibly interact  with  all  trainees  on  each  point.  The  learning effectiveness of the lecture method has been questioned because of the lack of interaction; but its use continues as a means of reaching a large group at one time  with  a condensed,  organized  body  of  information.  Providing trainees  with  lesson  objectives  before  the  lecture  will enable them to listen more effectively. It will help them to take concise, brief  notes  concerning  the  objectives, rather than writing feverishly throughout the lecture. The lecture method will be presented first because the  techniques  involved  serve  as  the  basis  for  other methods of training. Those techniques apply not only to lectures but also to many other kinds of presentations in which oral explanations play a secondary, but important, role. Every method depends on oral instruction to give information,  to  arouse  attention  and  interest,  and  to develop receptive attitudes on the part of the trainees. Therefore,    as    an    instructor,    organize    your    oral presentations with the following techniques in mind: 1. Maintain good eye contact. As you speak, shift your gaze about the class, pausing momentarily to meet the gaze of each trainee. Make the trainees feel that what you have to say is directed to each of them personally. Your eyes, as well as your voice, communicate to them; and   their   eyes,   facial   expressions,   and   reactions communicate  to  you.  Watch  for  indications  of  doubt,