• TR-05-2
  • Geomorphic Analysis of Mattituck Inlet and Goldsmith Inlet, Long Island, New York
  • ABSTRACT:
  • Contents
  • Contents cont'd
  • List of Figures
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  • Preface
  • Preface (Cont.)
  • Conversion Factors: Non-SI to SI Units of Measurement
  • Introduction
  • Introduction cont'd
  • Study Site
  • Figure 1-1. Long Island, NY, and selected inlets and harbors
  • Figure 1-2. Long Island, NY, with study area inset
  • Figure 1-4. Mattituck Inlet and Mattituck Creek, 16 April 2003
  • Figure 1-5. Goldsmith Inlet and Goldsmith Pond, 16 April 2003
  • Figure 1-6. Shoreline from Duck Pond Point to Horton Point
  • Motivation
  • Study Objective
  • Study Objective cont'd
  • Study Area and Physical Setting
  • Figure 2-1. Long Island Sound region bathymetry
  • Figure 2-2. Harbor Hill and Ronkonkoma Moraine locations (approximate)
  • Figure 2-3. Study area headlands
  • Table 2-1 Selected Tide Ranges for Long Island Sound
  • Table 2-3 Calculated Significant Wave Height and Period (New York District 1999)
  • Longshore sediment transport
  • Longshore sediment transport cont'd
  • Mattituck Inlet ­ History and Site Description
  • Figure 2-4. Mattituck Inlet as depicted in NOS T-sheet 55 (1838)
  • Physical description
  • Figure 2-7. Dredging and mining activities in and near Mattituck Inlet
  • Table 2-5 Mattituck Inlet Dredging History
  • Table 2-71 Summary of Federal Commercial Sand Mining Permits
  • Figure 2-8. Mattituck Inlet and jetties, view looking south, 28 March 2003
  • Physical setting
  • Figure 2-11. Bluffs east of Mattituck Inlet, 21 November 2003
  • Figure 2-12. Bailie's Beach primary dune, 21 November 2003. Boy Scouts of America facility is located south of dunes
  • Figure 2-14. Dunes at base of Mattituck Inlet east jetty, looking south, 21 November 2003
  • Figure
  • Goldsmith Inlet ­ History and Site Description
  • Figure 2-19. Goldsmith Inlet as depicted in NOS T-sheet 55 (1838)
  • Figure 2-20. Peconic Mill at Goldsmith Inlet (by permission Southold Historical Society, Southhold, NY, undated)
  • Physical description
  • Figure 2-22. Goldsmith Inlet and Goldsmith Pond, 11 May 1955, 9 years before jetty construction
  • Figure 2-23. Typical gravel and some cobble armoring at Goldsmith Inlet, 28 March 2003
  • Goldsmith Inlet ­ History and Site Description cont'd
  • Physical setting
  • Figure 2-26. Bluffs west of Goldsmith Inlet, 28 March 2003
  • Table 2-9 Goldsmith Inlet Dredging History (Augmented from Fields etal. 1999)
  • Figure 2-28. Sediment impoundment west of Goldsmith Inlet jetty (view looking north), circa winter 2001
  • Figure 2-29. Goldsmith Inlet orientation, 8 October 2002 (view looking northeast)
  • Figure 2-31. Goldsmith Inlet orientation and ice, 16 February 2004
  • Present condition cont'd
  • Field Data Collection and Analysis
  • Figure 3-1a. Datum elevation differences, Port Jefferson (not to scale)
  • Figure 3-1b. Datum elevation differences, Bridgeport (not to scale)
  • Mattituck Inlet
  • Figure 3-2. Mattituck Inlet bathymetry survey coverage, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-3. Mattituck Inlet elevation contours, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-4. Mattituck Inlet offshore west survey transects, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-5b. Beach profiles W6-W10, west of Mattituck Inlet, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-7a. Longshore bars west of Mattituck Inlet, 16 April 2003
  • Figure 3-8. Mattituck Inlet offshore east survey transects, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-9a. Beach profiles E1-E5, east of Mattituck Inlet, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-10. Beach east of Mattituck Inlet, 16 April 2003, showing irregular shoreline
  • Figure 3-12. Mound of slipper limpet shells, east of Mattituck Inlet, 21 November 2003
  • Figure 3-13. Mattituck Inlet offshore shoal and channel contour elevation, 6-8 October 2002
  • Flood shoal morphology
  • Navigation channel morphology
  • Figure 3-18. Mattituck Inlet Federal navigation channel elevation, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-20a. Mattituck Inlet channel cross sections 1-4, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-20a. Mattituck Inlet channel cross sections 1-4, 6-8 October 2002
  • Water level
  • Figure 3-23a. Mattituck Inlet water level, 19 September ­ 8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-23b. Mattituck Inlet water level, 4-8 October 2002
  • Current
  • Sediment
  • Figure 3-25. Mattituck Inlet sediment sample locations, 6-7 May 2003
  • Figure 3-26a. Mattituck Inlet cumulative grain size distribution MH1-MH4, 6-7 May 2003,
  • Figure 3-27. Mattituck Inlet, New York District (1969) sediment sampling profile locations
  • Table 3-2 Grain-Size Analysis, Mattituck Inlet Offshore Area, Profiles 56 and 57 (New York District 1969)
  • Goldsmith Inlet
  • Figure 3-28a. Goldsmith Inlet bathymetry survey coverage, 6-8 October 2002
  • Offshore morphology
  • Figure 3-30a. Beach profiles W1-W3, west of Goldsmith Inlet, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-31a. Beach profiles E1-E5, east of Goldsmith Inlet, 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-32. Aerial view of shoreline west of Goldsmith Inlet, 16 April 2003
  • Figure 3-34. Aerial view of shoreline east of Goldsmith Inlet, 16 April 2003
  • Figure 3-36. Goldsmith Pond flood shoal formations, 16 April 2003
  • Figure
  • Figure 3-40a. Goldsmith Inlet contours at low tide, 8 October 2002
  • Channel morphology
  • Figure 3-41. Goldsmith Inlet, channel with shoal, 28 March 2003
  • Figure 3-43. Goldsmith Inlet channel transects, 8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-44b. Goldsmith Inlet channel cross sections 5-8, 8 October 2002
  • Water level
  • Figure 3-46. Goldsmith Inlet tide gauge location, 19 September ­ 8 October 2002
  • Figure 3-47b. Goldsmith Inlet water level, 5­7 October 2002
  • Current
  • Sediment
  • Figure 3-49b. Goldsmith Inlet sediment sample locations, 31 July 2003
  • Figure 3-50a. Goldsmith Inlet cumulative grain size S1-S4 and S15, 8 October 2002 and 31 July 2003
  • Figure 3-50c. Goldsmith Inlet cumulative grain size S9-S12 and S17, 8 October 2002 and 31 July 2003
  • Figure 3-50e. Goldsmith Inlet cumulative grain size S20-S23, 8 October 2002 and 31 July 2003
  • Figure 3-50g. Goldsmith Inlet cumulative grain size S28-S31, 8 October 2002 and 31 July 2003
  • Figure 3-51. Goldsmith Inlet median grain-size distribution of surface samples, 8 October 2002 and 31 July 2003
  • Table 3-3 Grain-Size Analysis, Goldsmith Inlet Offshore Area, Profiles 59 and 60
  • Figure 3-52. Goldsmith Inlet, New York District (1969) profile locations
  • Morphology Change, and Channel Shoaling and Migration
  • Figure 4-1a. Beach profile W1, west of Mattituck Inlet, March 1998 and 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 4-1c. Breathe profile W3, west of Mattituck Inlet
  • Figure 4-1e. Beach profile W5, west of Mattituck Inlet
  • Figure 4-1g. Beach profile W7, west of Mattituck Inlet
  • Figure 4-2a. Offshore shoal cross-shore profile E4, March 1998 and 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 4-2c. Offshore shoal cross-shore profile E6,
  • Figure 4-2e. Offshore shoal cross-shore profile E8
  • Change of offshore shoal morphology
  • Figure 4-3. Mattituck Inlet, circa 1930 and offshore elevation contours,
  • Figure 4-5a. Mattituck Inlet offshore elevation change, 1927-1969
  • Figure 4-5c. Mattituck Inlet offshore elevation change, 1927 - 2002
  • Figure 4-6. Volume change polygons, east of Mattituck Inlet, with elevation change 1927 - 2002
  • Figure 4-7. Offshore shoal elevation change. 1969 - 2002 and Mattituck Inlet 16 April 2003
  • Change of offshore shoal morphology cont'd
  • Figure 4-8. Mattituck Inlet offshore center lines, 8 December 1927 and 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 4-9. Offshore feature center lines, 8 December 1927 and 6-8 October 2002.
  • Natural morphology and initial modifications (1891-1914)
  • Figure 4-10. Mattituck Inlet orientation, 1891
  • Figure 4-12. Mattituck Inlet, 1891-1900, hypothesized reorientation
  • Figure 4-13. Mattituck Inlet orientation, 1901
  • Figure 4-15. Mattituck Inlet orientation, 1913/14
  • Figure 4-16. Mattituck Inlet with shoaling along inside of west jetty, circa 1930s
  • Table 4-2 Mattituck Inlet Flood Shoal Area 1935 - 1938
  • Table 4-3 Estimated Mattituck Inlet Flood Shoal Volumes and Areas, 1935 - 1938
  • Inlet response cont'd
  • Figure 4-18a. Mattituck Inlet channel elevation, 1935
  • Figure 4-19a. Mattituck Inlet channel elevation, 4 May 1936
  • Figure 4-19b. Mattituck Inlet flood shoal area, 4 May 1936
  • Figure 4-20. Federal navigation channel study area
  • Figure 4-21a. Mattituck Inlet channel elevation, 3 July 1937
  • Figure 4-21b. Mattituck Inlet flood shoal area, 3 July 1937
  • Figure 4-22a. Mattituck Inlet channel elevation, 1938
  • Figure 4-22b. Mattituck Inlet flood shoal area, 1938
  • Figure 4-23a. West lobe morphology change, 1936­1938
  • Landward breaching, spit formation, and jetty modification
  • Figure 4-25. Shoreline recession and east jetty landward breach 1927 to 1941
  • Figure 4-26a. Mattituck Inlet east bank spit morphology, 1891-1927, with jetty configuration of 1914 included for reference
  • Figure 4-26b. Mattituck Inlet east bank spit morphology, 1935-1955, with jetty configuration of 1914 and 1946 included for reference
  • Figure 4-27. Mattituck Inlet Federal navigation channel configuration, prior to and after October - November 1950
  • Figure 4-28. Federal navigation channel and Federal anchorage dredging areas, September - October 1965.
  • Figure 4-29a. Mattituck Inlet, circa 1930
  • Figure 4-29c. Mattituck Inlet, 1941(exact month and day unknown)
  • Figure 4-29e. Mattituck Inlet, 1 April 1964
  • Figure 4-29g. Mattituck Inlet, 6 April 1976
  • Figure 4-29i. Mattituck Inlet, 5 April 1993
  • Figure 4-29k. Mattituck Inlet, 16 April 2003
  • Commercial mining activities.
  • Figure 4-30. Mining related companies and locations at Mattituck Inlet
  • levation change and dredging volume
  • Figure 4-31a. Channel elevation, June 1961 (pre-dredging)
  • Figure 4-31b. Channel elevation, September 1961 (post-dredging)
  • Figure 4-32a. Channel elevation, January 1980 (pre-dredging)
  • Figure 4-32c. Channel elevation change, January 1980 - May 1980
  • Figure 4-33b. Channel elevation, October 1990 (post-dredging)
  • Table 4-4 Calculated Versus Measured Dredging Volumes, Mattituck Inlet Channel
  • Table 4-5 Estimated Sediment Acumulations Rates, Mattituck Inlet Federal Navigation Channel
  • Figure 4-34a. Channel elevation change, May 1980 to August 1983
  • Figure 4-34c. Channel elevation change, May 1980 to September 1987
  • Figure 4-34e. Channel elevation change, May 1980 to October 1989
  • Figure 4-35. Channel elevation change, October 1990 to January 2002
  • Figure 4-36. Mattituck Inlet shoreline, pre- and post-dredging, 16 April 2003 and 15 April 2004
  • Figure 4-37a. East bank spit migration, 1941-1976
  • Bank encroachment analysis
  • Figure 4-39a. Mattituck Inlet channel cross-section A
  • Figure 4-39b. Mattituck Inlet channel cross-section B
  • Figure 4-39c. Mattituck Inlet channel cross-section C
  • Figure 4-40b. Boat wake obliquely incident on area of flood shoal at base of east jetty, Mattituck Inlet, 9 July 2004.
  • Figure 4-41a. Beach profile W1, west of Goldsmith Inlet, March 1998 and 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 4-41c. Beach profile W4, west of Goldsmith Inlet, March 1998 and 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 4-41e. Beach profile E2, east of Goldsmith Inlet, March 1998 and 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 4-41g. Beach profile E4, east of Goldsmith Inlet, March 1998 and 6-8 October 2002
  • Figure 4-41i. Beach profile E6, east of Goldsmith Inlet, March 1998 and 6-8 October 2002
  • Channel migration
  • Figure 4-42a. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance, 1938 (exact month and day unknown)
  • Figure 4-42c. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance, 1 April 1964
  • Figure 4-42e. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance, 28 April 1969
  • Figure 4-42g. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance, 24 May 1980
  • Figure 4-42i. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance, 21 April 1996
  • Figure 4-42k. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance, 16 April 2003
  • Figure 4-43a. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance, 1938 and 11 May 1955
  • Figure 4-43b. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance, 11 May 1955, 1 April 1964, and 5 October 1966
  • Channel migration
  • Figure 4-43d. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance , 5 April 1993 and 21 April 1996
  • Figure 4-44a. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance orientation, 1993-2003
  • Figure 4-44b. Goldsmith Inlet channel entrance orientation, 2002-2004
  • Figure
  • Figure 4-46a. Goldsmith Inlet natural flood shoal, 1938
  • igure 4-46c. Goldsmith Inlet channel with partially intact in-channel flood shoal, 1 April 1964
  • Figure 4-46d. Goldsmith Inlet channel with partially intact in-channel flood shoal, 5 October 1966
  • Figure 4-46f. Goldsmith Inlet channel, 6 April 1976
  • Figure 4-46h. Goldsmith Inlet channel, 5 April 1993
  • Figure 4-46j. Goldsmith Inlet channel, 16 April 2003
  • Channel migration
  • Figure 4-47a. Goldsmith Inlet channel center, 11 May 1955 and 1 April 1964
  • Figure 4-47c. Goldsmith Inlet channel center, 6 April 1976 and 24 May 1980
  • Figure 4-47e. Goldsmith Inlet channel center, 16 April 2003 and 15 April 2004
  • Figure 4-48a. Goldsmith Inlet flood shoal, 11 May 1955 and 1 April 1964
  • Figure 4-48c. Goldsmith Inlet flood shoal, 5 April 1993 and 21 April 1996
  • Summary of morphology change at Goldsmith Inlet
  • Figure 4-50. Goldsmith Inlet, east bank wetlands, with protective sand bank, 8 October 2002
  • Table 4-6 Summary of Morphology Change at Goldsmitth Inlet, 1955 to Present
  • Summary of morphology change at Goldsmith Inlet
  • Circulation Analysis
  • Figure 5-1. Regional ADCIRC grid - New York Bight and Long Island Sound
  • Figure
  • Figure 5-4. NOS stations and 19 Septem
  • Figure 5-5a. Water level at Eaton's Neck, Hunington Harbor; NOS measurements and ADCIRC calculations, 19 September 8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-5c. Water level at New Harbor, New Haven; NOS measurements and ADCIRC calculations, 19 September - 8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-5e. Water level at Kings Point; NOS measurements and ADCIRC calculations, 19 September - 8 October 2002
  • Local validation
  • Figure 5-6c. Water level at Mattituck Creek; measurments and ADCIRC calculations, 19 September - 8 October 2002
  • Pre-dredging condition (2002)
  • Figure 5-8a. Near-maximum flood-tide velocity, Mattituck Inlet offshore area, 1200 GMT, 7 October 2002.
  • Figure 5-8c. Near-maximum flood-tide velocity, Mattituck Inlet offshore shoal area, 12 GMT, 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-8e. Near-maximum ebb-tide velocity, Mattituck Inlet offshore shoal area, 1830 GMT, October 2002
  • Figure 5-8g. Flood-current eddies and depth, directly west Mattituck Inlet, 1200 GMT, 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-9a. Near-maximum flood-tide velocity Mattituck Inlet, 1200 GMT, 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-9b. Near-maximum flood-tide velocity and depth, Mattituck Inlet, 1200 GMT, 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-9d. Near-maximum ebb-tide velocity and depth, Mattituck Inlet, 1830 GMT, 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-10b. Near-maximum flood-tide velocity and depth, Mattituck Inlet flood shoal area, 1200 GMT, 7 October 2002
  • Alternative 1: Post-dredging morphology
  • Figure 5-11a. Near-maximum flood-tide velocity, Mattituck Inlet, pre-dredging grid
  • Figure 5-11c. Near-maximum ebb-tide velocity, Mattituck Inlet, pre-dredging grid
  • Figure 5-11e. Near-maximum flood-tide velocity and depth, Mattituck Inlet pre-dredging grid
  • Figure 5-12. Comparative current velocity plot locations
  • Figure 5-13b. Current velocity directly north of Mattituck Inlet east bank flood shoal, pre-dredging, and synthetic post-dredging condition (Location B)
  • Alternative 2: Natural morphology with offshore shoal
  • Figure 5-14a. Mattituck Inlet natural state, near-maximum offshore spring flood-tide velocity, 1200 on 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-14c. Mattituck Inlet natural state, offshore and inlet spring flood-tide velocity, 1230 on October 2002
  • Figure 5-14e. Mattituck Inlet natural state, offshore spring ebb-tide and inlet spring flood-tide velocity , 1530 on 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-14g. Mattituck Inlet natural state, offshore spring ebb-tide and inlet near maximum spring ebb-tide velocity, 2100 on 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-14i. Mattituck Inlet natural state, near maximum offshore spring flood-tide and inlet ebb-tide velocity, 0030 on 8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-16a. Mattituck Inlet natural state and offshore water level comparison
  • Figure 5-16c. Mattituck Inlet natural state and offshore water level comparison
  • Figure 5-17b. Mattituck Inlet natural state and offshore current velocity comparison
  • Offshore shoal.
  • Figure 5-18b. Near-maximum offshore flood-tide velocity and depth, Mattituck Inlet offshore shoal area, 1200 GMT on 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-18d. Near-maximum inlet flood-tide velocity and depth, Mattituck Inlet offshore shoal area, 1430 GMT on 7 October
  • Figure 5-18f. Near-maximum offshore ebb-tide velocity and depth, Mattituck Inlet offshore shoal area, 1830 GMT on 7 October
  • Figure 5-18g. Near-maximum inlet ebb-tide velocity, Mattituck Inlet offshore shoal area, 2030 GMT on 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-19. Current velocity comparison plot locations
  • Goldsmith Inlet
  • Figure 5-21. DYNLET grid of Goldsmith Inlet, with nodes and extents of nodal cross sections
  • Model validation cont'd
  • Figure 5-22a. Water-level measurements offshore of Goldsmith Inlet and Node 2 calculations, 20 September - 8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-22c. Water-level measurements at Goldsmith Pond and DYNLET Node 30 calculations, 20 September - 8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-23a. Current velocity measurement and calculated velocities at Nodes 13 and 14, 7-8 October 2002
  • Discussion of tidal asymmetry
  • Figure 5-24a. Water-level measurements offshore of Goldsmith Inlet and DYNLET Nodes 5 and 8 calculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-24b. Water-level measurements offshore of Goldsmith Inlet and DYNLET Nodes 8 and 9 calculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-24d. Water-level measurements offshore of Goldsmith Inlet and DYNLET Nodes 10 and 15 calculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-24f. Water-level measurements offshore of Goldsmith Inlet and DYNLET Nodes 20 and 30 c alculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-25b. Discharge at Goldsmith Inlet, DYNLET Nodes 9 and 10 calculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Discussion of current velocity
  • Figure 5-26b. Current velocity calculations offshore of Goldsmith Inlet and DYNLET Nodes 7 and 8 calculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-26d. Current velocity calculations offshore of Goldsmith Pond and DYNLET Nodes 9 and 10 calculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-26f. Current velocity calculations offshore of Goldsmith Pond and DYNLET Nodes 11 and 13 calculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-26h. Current velocity calculations offshore of Goldsmith Pond and DYNLET Nodes 16 and 17 calculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-26j. Current velocity calculations offshore of Goldsmith Pond and DYNLET Nodes 21 and 22 c alculations, 5-8 October 2002
  • Figure 5-27. Maximum calculated flood and ebb -spring-tide current speed and water elev ation Goldsmith Inlet, 7 October 2002
  • Figure 5-28a. Goldsmith Inlet spring flood-tide maximum current velocity, total calculation domain
  • Figure 5-28c. Goldsmith Inlet spring flood-tide maximum current velocity, inlet channel
  • Figure
  • Inlet Morphology and Stability
  • Figure 6-1. Classification of tidal inlet morphology (after Davis and Hayes 1984)
  • Table 6-1 Inlet Bypassing and Channel Cross-Sectional Stability Classification of Inlets
  • Inlet Stability
  • Hydraulic efficiency
  • Ebb shoal volume
  • Mattituck Inlet
  • Table 6-3 Mattituck Inlet Ratio Associated Physical Quantities
  • Figure 6-2. Tidal prism-channel area relation, Mattiuck Inlet and Atlantic coast dual jettied inlets
  • Figure 6-4. Mattituck Creek water-level measurements and calculations by CEA model
  • Figure 6-5. Escoffier curve calculated for Mattituck Inlet, CEA model
  • Mattituck Inlet flood shoal
  • Figure 6-6. Shoaling at Mattituck Inlet and Mattituck Creek, 6-8 October 2002
  • Goldsmith Inlet
  • Goldsmith Inlet channel cross-sectional area stability
  • Figure 6-7. Goldsmith Pond water-level measurements and calculations by CEA model
  • Figure 6-8. Escoffier curve calculated for Goldsmith Inlet, CEA model
  • Goldsmith Inlet ebb shoal
  • Figure 6-10. Shoaling at Goldsmith Inlet and Goldsmith Pond, 8 October 2002
  • Table 6-7 Goldsmith Inlet Flood Shoal and Physical Quantities
  • Figure 6-11. Comparison of channel cross section and tidal prism relations
  • Comparative Analysis and Conclusions
  • Summary of Inlet Characteristics
  • Table 7-3 Mattituck and Goldsmith Inlet - Hydrodynamic Characteristics
  • General features of geomorphology
  • Anthropogenic influences
  • Hydrodynamics and tidal shoals
  • Mattituck Inlet, Conclusions
  • Mattituck Inlet, Conclusions cont'd
  • Goldsmith Inlet, Conclusions
  • Recommendations for Future Studies
  • Recommendations for Future Studies cont'd
  • References
  • References cont'd
  • References cont'd
  • References cont 'd
  • References cont'd
  • References cont'd
  • References cont'd
  • REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
  • ABSTRACT (Concluded)

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